Essential Cell Biology FOURTH EDITION
... thioester bond formed between Cys of enzyme and substrate -electrons transferred from substrate to NAD+ -high energy Pi bond replaces high energy thioester bond linking substrate to enzyme ...
... thioester bond formed between Cys of enzyme and substrate -electrons transferred from substrate to NAD+ -high energy Pi bond replaces high energy thioester bond linking substrate to enzyme ...
Slide 1
... What? High-energy electrons (along with their protons) removed during the citric acid cycle enter a chain of electron acceptor molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria As electrons move down the chain, they release small bursts of energy to pump protons between the inner and ...
... What? High-energy electrons (along with their protons) removed during the citric acid cycle enter a chain of electron acceptor molecules embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria As electrons move down the chain, they release small bursts of energy to pump protons between the inner and ...
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
... _____ 10. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) some aspect of energy in living organisms? A. Living organisms can use energy to do work. B. Organisms expend energy in order to decrease their entropy. C. Living organisms can convert energy among several different forms. D. A, B, an ...
... _____ 10. Which of the following statements correctly describe(s) some aspect of energy in living organisms? A. Living organisms can use energy to do work. B. Organisms expend energy in order to decrease their entropy. C. Living organisms can convert energy among several different forms. D. A, B, an ...
Origin of Life Part 1: Organization of the biosphere
... Accidents help reconstruct past from present ...
... Accidents help reconstruct past from present ...
LP - Columbia University
... gets the electrons from our NADH2 molecule, which is really NADH and H+, so it is recapturing one proton (an H+ ion) from the aqueous pool. Even the Delta Go is favorable, and we get our NAD regenerated from NADH2. The NAD shuttles back and forth then, getting reduced in rxn 6 and reoxidized in rxn ...
... gets the electrons from our NADH2 molecule, which is really NADH and H+, so it is recapturing one proton (an H+ ion) from the aqueous pool. Even the Delta Go is favorable, and we get our NAD regenerated from NADH2. The NAD shuttles back and forth then, getting reduced in rxn 6 and reoxidized in rxn ...
File - myrnafoxsciencespot
... - fuel molecules are oxidized to form CO2. - O2 is reduced to form water. - intermediate electron acceptors used to transfer electrons (in an electron transport chain) before they are finally grabbed by O2. - NAD+ is the is the main electron acceptor molecule in the ETC. 2. Steps of cellular respira ...
... - fuel molecules are oxidized to form CO2. - O2 is reduced to form water. - intermediate electron acceptors used to transfer electrons (in an electron transport chain) before they are finally grabbed by O2. - NAD+ is the is the main electron acceptor molecule in the ETC. 2. Steps of cellular respira ...
KINE 4010 Mock Midterm #1
... a) It is the breakdown of lipids that enter the Kreb’s Cycle b) It cleaves 2 carbons at a time c) It produces less CO2 per molecule relative to glucose d) All of the above are true 8. The transport of electrons along the electron transport chain (ETC) is coupled with proton pumping from the intermem ...
... a) It is the breakdown of lipids that enter the Kreb’s Cycle b) It cleaves 2 carbons at a time c) It produces less CO2 per molecule relative to glucose d) All of the above are true 8. The transport of electrons along the electron transport chain (ETC) is coupled with proton pumping from the intermem ...
Chapter 7A- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis - TJ
... The below figure introduces the 3 stages of cellular respiration. Label the diagram. Include electron transport chain, pyruvate, mitochondrion, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, cytoplasm, glucose, 2 NADH, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 34 ATP, 38 ATP. ...
... The below figure introduces the 3 stages of cellular respiration. Label the diagram. Include electron transport chain, pyruvate, mitochondrion, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, cytoplasm, glucose, 2 NADH, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 34 ATP, 38 ATP. ...
Chapter 6: Cellular Respiration
... During the transport of electrons, a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space – The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis – The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synt ...
... During the transport of electrons, a concentration gradient of H+ ions is formed across the inner membrane into the intermembrane space – The potential energy of this concentration gradient is used to make ATP by a process called chemiosmosis – The concentration gradient drives H+ through ATP synt ...
Matabolic Stoichiometry and Energetics in
... nutrient is carried to biosynthetic reaction. The reducing power is used for the construction of cell components. ...
... nutrient is carried to biosynthetic reaction. The reducing power is used for the construction of cell components. ...
PPTX - Bonham Chemistry
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
... Cellular Respiration: the big picture • process in which cells consume O2 and produce CO2 ...
fermentation
... However, aerobic respiration requires oxygen to move forward, as its name suggests. When no air is present or readily available, a cell must still create ATP so it can perform other functions of life. This is where fermentation comes in to play. Glycolysis is the only reaction in aerobic respiration ...
... However, aerobic respiration requires oxygen to move forward, as its name suggests. When no air is present or readily available, a cell must still create ATP so it can perform other functions of life. This is where fermentation comes in to play. Glycolysis is the only reaction in aerobic respiration ...
Chapter 4 - Enzymes and Energy
... • Molecules that are too large and/or polar to pass through the plasma membrane require protein carriers. – Facilitated diffusion is passive transport utilizing carriers. Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration. e.g. GLUT carriers transport glucose into human cells.. ...
... • Molecules that are too large and/or polar to pass through the plasma membrane require protein carriers. – Facilitated diffusion is passive transport utilizing carriers. Molecules move from high concentration to low concentration. e.g. GLUT carriers transport glucose into human cells.. ...
Anaerobic Pathways Glycolysis
... (C4) to make Citrate (C6) – Break off two carbons (released as CO2) – Yield (per pyruvate) ...
... (C4) to make Citrate (C6) – Break off two carbons (released as CO2) – Yield (per pyruvate) ...
Diversity of Prokaryotic Organisms
... Helicobacter, Neisseria and Treponema Bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites including Rickettsia, Orientia and Ehrlicia reside in blood sucking arthropods ...
... Helicobacter, Neisseria and Treponema Bacteria that are obligate intracellular parasites including Rickettsia, Orientia and Ehrlicia reside in blood sucking arthropods ...
I. Metabolism
... The cell undertakes the biosynthesis of the macromolecules (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, lipids (for membranes) and polysaccharides) from these simple building blocks. ...
... The cell undertakes the biosynthesis of the macromolecules (e.g. nucleic acids, proteins, lipids (for membranes) and polysaccharides) from these simple building blocks. ...
Cellular Respiration
... 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL ...
... 02 ATP - Krebs cycle (substrate-level phosphorylation) 18 ATP - converted from 6 NADH - Krebs cycle 04 ATP - converted from 2 FADH2 - Krebs cycle 36 ATP - TOTAL ...
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
... NADH (~ 3 ATP after ET) Acetyl-CoA enters the Krebs Cycle Anaerobic: occurs in cytoplasm Pyruvate + NADH → Lactate + NAD+ no ATP produced; makes NAD+ needed for glycolysis to continue Part of the Cori Cycle at right ...
Ecological speciation model
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
... Heterofermentative organisms use a pathway with a greater number of redox reactions than Streptococcus. Make very oxidized and very reduced compounds. More NAD(P)H to be reoxidized constrains ATP synthesis, high energy intermediate used as an electron acceptor. Vitamins: essential portions of cofact ...
Chapter 2.4 Periodic properties of the elements
... Ca(g) + 599 kJ → Ca+(g) + eThe second ionization energy (IE2) is the amount of energy required to remove the second electron. For calcium, it may be represented as: Ca+(g) + 1145 kJ → Ca2+1(g) + eFor a given element, IE2 is always greater than IE1 because it is always more difficult to remove a nega ...
... Ca(g) + 599 kJ → Ca+(g) + eThe second ionization energy (IE2) is the amount of energy required to remove the second electron. For calcium, it may be represented as: Ca+(g) + 1145 kJ → Ca2+1(g) + eFor a given element, IE2 is always greater than IE1 because it is always more difficult to remove a nega ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 8 Outline Glycolysis Transition
... of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. ! Energy within a glucose molecule is released slowly so that ATP can be produced gradually. ! NAD+ and FAD are oxidation-reduction enzymes active during cellular respiration. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. ...
... of glucose to carbon dioxide and water. ! Energy within a glucose molecule is released slowly so that ATP can be produced gradually. ! NAD+ and FAD are oxidation-reduction enzymes active during cellular respiration. Mader: Biology 8th Ed. ...
Electron transport chain
An electron transport chain (ETC) is a series of compounds that transfer electrons from electron donors to electron acceptors via redox reactions, and couples this electron transfer with the transfer of protons (H+ ions) across a membrane. This creates an electrochemical proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis, or the generation of chemical energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport chain is molecular oxygen.Electron transport chains are used for extracting energy via redox reactions from sunlight in photosynthesis or, such as in the case of the oxidation of sugars, cellular respiration. In eukaryotes, an important electron transport chain is found in the inner mitochondrial membrane where it serves as the site of oxidative phosphorylation through the use of ATP synthase. It is also found in the thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast in photosynthetic eukaryotes. In bacteria, the electron transport chain is located in their cell membrane.In chloroplasts, light drives the conversion of water to oxygen and NADP+ to NADPH with transfer of H+ ions across chloroplast membranes. In mitochondria, it is the conversion of oxygen to water, NADH to NAD+ and succinate to fumarate that are required to generate the proton gradient. Electron transport chains are major sites of premature electron leakage to oxygen, generating superoxide and potentially resulting in increased oxidative stress.