Ecological consequences of manipulative parasites
... Prey are more abundant than their predators and are therefore more likely to contact a free-living infectious stage of the parasite. The predator host then unintentionally contacts the parasite as it hunts for prey. For either evolutionary pathway, a trophically transmitted parasite will benefit fro ...
... Prey are more abundant than their predators and are therefore more likely to contact a free-living infectious stage of the parasite. The predator host then unintentionally contacts the parasite as it hunts for prey. For either evolutionary pathway, a trophically transmitted parasite will benefit fro ...
Effects of Wolf Reintroduction on Plant Communities in the American
... browsing indicates bison use, because elk are largely absent from the area in summer. Under 1 m height, 84% of willows were browsed in summer 2010 for Lamar Valley. Percent browsing at 1.5 – 2 m height was only 28%. These numbers were significantly smaller at Oxbow Creek, 26% and 10% respectively. T ...
... browsing indicates bison use, because elk are largely absent from the area in summer. Under 1 m height, 84% of willows were browsed in summer 2010 for Lamar Valley. Percent browsing at 1.5 – 2 m height was only 28%. These numbers were significantly smaller at Oxbow Creek, 26% and 10% respectively. T ...
ecosystem adaptation: do ecosystems maximize
... 1). The unstable steady state at (A, H, N ) 5 (0, 0, 0) is ignored as a trivial solution, and the steady state specified by the other root of the quadratic for Nss is ignored as unrealistic as it specifies negative concentrations. Although the physically realistic steady state has several possible b ...
... 1). The unstable steady state at (A, H, N ) 5 (0, 0, 0) is ignored as a trivial solution, and the steady state specified by the other root of the quadratic for Nss is ignored as unrealistic as it specifies negative concentrations. Although the physically realistic steady state has several possible b ...
ecosystem services
... > there is the practical reality that there are a very large number of potential intermediate services. Consequently, it is not anticipated that ecosystem accounting at this stage would focus on these flows. • The recording of intermediate services would seem most useful for the purposes of supplyin ...
... > there is the practical reality that there are a very large number of potential intermediate services. Consequently, it is not anticipated that ecosystem accounting at this stage would focus on these flows. • The recording of intermediate services would seem most useful for the purposes of supplyin ...
1 Chapter 2.3. Natural Capital, Services and Human Wellbeing by
... The availability of an ecosystem service does not guarantee that it will be used effectively to increase human wellbeing. Moreover, the absence of an ecosystem service in a particular place can be overcome by the economic or technological substitute of another ecosystem service (e.g., synthetic nitr ...
... The availability of an ecosystem service does not guarantee that it will be used effectively to increase human wellbeing. Moreover, the absence of an ecosystem service in a particular place can be overcome by the economic or technological substitute of another ecosystem service (e.g., synthetic nitr ...
John Snow
... • Ecological and cross-sectional studies involve no followup of individuals, so are often grouped together • In addition, these studies depend on a full accounting or random cross-section of the population • This design is capable of measuring prevalences and ...
... • Ecological and cross-sectional studies involve no followup of individuals, so are often grouped together • In addition, these studies depend on a full accounting or random cross-section of the population • This design is capable of measuring prevalences and ...
Moose Population Density and Habitat Productivity as Drivers of
... and thereby allow plant biomass to accumulate - ”the world is green” concept. According to Ilairston, Smith & Slobodkin (1960), ungulatcs should thus be regulatcd by their predators. The ungulates inhabiting the northern hcmisphcrc have coevolved with efficient predatoi-s (Pidoll 1967), of wbich the ...
... and thereby allow plant biomass to accumulate - ”the world is green” concept. According to Ilairston, Smith & Slobodkin (1960), ungulatcs should thus be regulatcd by their predators. The ungulates inhabiting the northern hcmisphcrc have coevolved with efficient predatoi-s (Pidoll 1967), of wbich the ...
A synthesis of the arctic terrestrial and marine carbon cycles under
... terrestrial carbon cycles in numerous interconnected ways. Nonetheless, processes in the ocean and on land have been too often considered in isolation while it has become increasingly clear that the two environments are strongly connected: Sea ice decline is one of the main causes of the rapid warmi ...
... terrestrial carbon cycles in numerous interconnected ways. Nonetheless, processes in the ocean and on land have been too often considered in isolation while it has become increasingly clear that the two environments are strongly connected: Sea ice decline is one of the main causes of the rapid warmi ...
Yarra Bend Park Environmental Action Plan
... South East Coastal Plain to the east. The Victorian Volcanic Plain is characterised by an extensive basaltic plain with numerous volcanic cones and eruption points. The vegetation formerly consisted of damp sclerophyll forests, woodlands and grasslands (Thackway and Cresswell 1995). The total area c ...
... South East Coastal Plain to the east. The Victorian Volcanic Plain is characterised by an extensive basaltic plain with numerous volcanic cones and eruption points. The vegetation formerly consisted of damp sclerophyll forests, woodlands and grasslands (Thackway and Cresswell 1995). The total area c ...
Yellowstone after Wolves
... greater diversity of both predators and prey (figure 1). Thus, “range deterioration” became an issue. This led in turn to Isle Royale should be more amenable a to scientific scrutiny, with clearer cause-and-effect relationships among a few key species, a good starting point and example for interpret ...
... greater diversity of both predators and prey (figure 1). Thus, “range deterioration” became an issue. This led in turn to Isle Royale should be more amenable a to scientific scrutiny, with clearer cause-and-effect relationships among a few key species, a good starting point and example for interpret ...
Yellowstone after Wolves - Thinking Like A Biologist
... greater diversity of both predators and prey (figure 1). Thus, “range deterioration” became an issue. This led in turn to Isle Royale should be more amenable a to scientific scrutiny, with clearer cause-and-effect relationships among a few key species, a good starting point and example for interpret ...
... greater diversity of both predators and prey (figure 1). Thus, “range deterioration” became an issue. This led in turn to Isle Royale should be more amenable a to scientific scrutiny, with clearer cause-and-effect relationships among a few key species, a good starting point and example for interpret ...
Preston and Johnson 2010
... challenging to observe. Many live their lives secretively, in intimate contact with their host, but invisible to the outside world. With some notable exceptions (e.g., tapeworms), parasites also tend to be very small. It may be easy to assume then, that since parasites are generally inconspicuous, t ...
... challenging to observe. Many live their lives secretively, in intimate contact with their host, but invisible to the outside world. With some notable exceptions (e.g., tapeworms), parasites also tend to be very small. It may be easy to assume then, that since parasites are generally inconspicuous, t ...
Resource partitioning among top predators in a Miocene food web
... using the software ISOERROR [49], a method that incorporates data such as the standard deviations or sample size of the species in the analysis; however, the nature of our data did not allow us to use this model (see the electronic supplementary material). To reconstruct carnivoran diets, it is nece ...
... using the software ISOERROR [49], a method that incorporates data such as the standard deviations or sample size of the species in the analysis; however, the nature of our data did not allow us to use this model (see the electronic supplementary material). To reconstruct carnivoran diets, it is nece ...
Assessment of the Population Dynamics of Diurnal Primates in Old
... The motto of the park is “Blending of our glorious park with nationhood”. The park is made up of five ranges namely: Marguba range in Sepeteri, Oyo lle range in lgbeti, Yemoso range in lkoyi-lle, Tede Park in Tede, Sepeteri range in lgboho. Old Oyo National park like most other parks in Nigeria need ...
... The motto of the park is “Blending of our glorious park with nationhood”. The park is made up of five ranges namely: Marguba range in Sepeteri, Oyo lle range in lgbeti, Yemoso range in lkoyi-lle, Tede Park in Tede, Sepeteri range in lgboho. Old Oyo National park like most other parks in Nigeria need ...
yarra bend park - Parks Victoria
... South East Coastal Plain to the east. The Victorian Volcanic Plain is characterised by an extensive basaltic plain with numerous volcanic cones and eruption points. The vegetation formerly consisted of damp sclerophyll forests, woodlands and grasslands (Thackway and Cresswell 1995). The total area c ...
... South East Coastal Plain to the east. The Victorian Volcanic Plain is characterised by an extensive basaltic plain with numerous volcanic cones and eruption points. The vegetation formerly consisted of damp sclerophyll forests, woodlands and grasslands (Thackway and Cresswell 1995). The total area c ...
Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing
... The conservation status of burrowing mammals varies greatly across species, but populations of most species are heavily and negatively impacted by humans (WebTable 1). Some, like Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica), are listed as “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IU ...
... The conservation status of burrowing mammals varies greatly across species, but populations of most species are heavily and negatively impacted by humans (WebTable 1). Some, like Siberian marmots (Marmota sibirica), are listed as “Endangered” on the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IU ...
Toward an integration of evolutionary biology and ecosystem science
... These ecosystem-effect traits can also be classified following Violle et al. (2007), as: Response Traits (RT), Functional Traits (FT), Performance Traits (PT) and Effect Traits (ET). In some cases, it is unknown which trait, from a mixture of traits (Mix), is responsible for the contrasting ecosyste ...
... These ecosystem-effect traits can also be classified following Violle et al. (2007), as: Response Traits (RT), Functional Traits (FT), Performance Traits (PT) and Effect Traits (ET). In some cases, it is unknown which trait, from a mixture of traits (Mix), is responsible for the contrasting ecosyste ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... Natural radiative forcings mainly result from changes in solar irradiance and major volcanic eruptions. Solar source forcing arises from several direct and indirect factors and its value is slightly positive, whereas volcanic eruptions spewing immense amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere create s ...
... Natural radiative forcings mainly result from changes in solar irradiance and major volcanic eruptions. Solar source forcing arises from several direct and indirect factors and its value is slightly positive, whereas volcanic eruptions spewing immense amounts of aerosols into the atmosphere create s ...
Human Involvement in Food Webs
... nutrient flow from plant producers to consumers and top-down regulation of producers by consumers. The trophic cascade is the simplest topdown interaction and accounts for a great deal of what is known about food webs. In three-link cascades, predators suppress herbivores, releasing plants. In longer ...
... nutrient flow from plant producers to consumers and top-down regulation of producers by consumers. The trophic cascade is the simplest topdown interaction and accounts for a great deal of what is known about food webs. In three-link cascades, predators suppress herbivores, releasing plants. In longer ...
13.1 Ecologists Study Relationships
... • Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem. • Rain forests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. ...
... • Biodiversity is the assortment, or variety, of living things in an ecosystem. • Rain forests have more biodiversity than other locations in the world, but are threatened by human activities. ...
the reciprocal interaction of angiosperm evolution and tetrapod
... abundance and geographic spread of these r-selected angiosperms fueled the Late Cretaceous diversification of lowbrowsing ornithopod dinosaurs. The rarity of angiosperms with large diaspores provided little resource for a radiation of small herbivores. The low diversity of small herbivores created f ...
... abundance and geographic spread of these r-selected angiosperms fueled the Late Cretaceous diversification of lowbrowsing ornithopod dinosaurs. The rarity of angiosperms with large diaspores provided little resource for a radiation of small herbivores. The low diversity of small herbivores created f ...
Special Feature - Cedar Creek Ecosystem Science Reserve
... of these debates to community ecology, is anything really new to this emerging paradigm? I argue that the emerging paradigm is indeed a new and profoundly different view of biotic diversity. I also argue that the debate is the hallmark of an emerging paradigm, and that any new paradigm requires revi ...
... of these debates to community ecology, is anything really new to this emerging paradigm? I argue that the emerging paradigm is indeed a new and profoundly different view of biotic diversity. I also argue that the debate is the hallmark of an emerging paradigm, and that any new paradigm requires revi ...
Secondary Succession
... In your groups, create a timeline to describe the series of changes that restore equilibrium to an ecosystem. Begin with year “0” and labeL it “LAND DISTURBANCE”. Write a one or two sentence description of what the area looks like. Imagine you can revisit the area and document the changes. Record th ...
... In your groups, create a timeline to describe the series of changes that restore equilibrium to an ecosystem. Begin with year “0” and labeL it “LAND DISTURBANCE”. Write a one or two sentence description of what the area looks like. Imagine you can revisit the area and document the changes. Record th ...
ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION
... talk” and his philosophical escapades, as well as keeping many data days going while I was off traveling from time to time. While my research in Arizona is not included here formally as part of my Ph.D. research, it has played a pivotal role during my tenure at Cornell. ...
... talk” and his philosophical escapades, as well as keeping many data days going while I was off traveling from time to time. While my research in Arizona is not included here formally as part of my Ph.D. research, it has played a pivotal role during my tenure at Cornell. ...
ON THE ECOLOGY OF INVASIVE SPECIES, EXTINCTION
... talk” and his philosophical escapades, as well as keeping many data days going while I was off traveling from time to time. While my research in Arizona is not included here formally as part of my Ph.D. research, it has played a pivotal role during my tenure at Cornell. ...
... talk” and his philosophical escapades, as well as keeping many data days going while I was off traveling from time to time. While my research in Arizona is not included here formally as part of my Ph.D. research, it has played a pivotal role during my tenure at Cornell. ...
Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene Park (Russian: Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.The project is being led by Russian researcher Sergey Zimov, with hopes to back the hypothesis that overhunting, and not climate change, was primarily responsible for the extinction of wildlife and the disappearance of the grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.A further aim is to research the climatic effects of the expected changes in the ecosystem. Here the hypothesis is that the change from tundra to grassland will result in a raised ratio of energy emission to energy absorption of the area, leading to less thawing of permafrost and thereby less emission of greenhouse gases.To study this, large herbivores have been released, and their effect on the local fauna is being monitored. Preliminary results point at the ecologically low-grade tundra biome being converted into a productive grassland biome, and at the energy emission of the area being raised.A documentary is being produced about the park by an American journalist and filmmaker.