Grassland afforestation impact on primary productivity
... co-dominated by C3 and C4 grasses (Soriano 1991; Paruelo et al. 2007) from the genera Axonopus, Paspalum, Stipa, Schizachyrium and Bothriocloa. In addition, Baccharis and Eupatorium shrubs can be locally abundant or even dominant (Altesor et al. 2006). Mean annual temperature ranges between 17 °C an ...
... co-dominated by C3 and C4 grasses (Soriano 1991; Paruelo et al. 2007) from the genera Axonopus, Paspalum, Stipa, Schizachyrium and Bothriocloa. In addition, Baccharis and Eupatorium shrubs can be locally abundant or even dominant (Altesor et al. 2006). Mean annual temperature ranges between 17 °C an ...
Taiga Cordillera Ecozone Evidence for key
... trends specific to this ecozone+. It is not a comprehensive assessment of all ecosystem-related information. The level of detail presented on each key finding varies and important issues or datasets may have been missed. As in all ESTR products, the time frames over which trends are assessed vary – ...
... trends specific to this ecozone+. It is not a comprehensive assessment of all ecosystem-related information. The level of detail presented on each key finding varies and important issues or datasets may have been missed. As in all ESTR products, the time frames over which trends are assessed vary – ...
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
... 1989; Lafferty, 1992). Specifically, in a predator–prey system with prey as an intermediate host and the predator as a definitive host for a parasite, theory suggests that an increase in the susceptibility of infected prey to predation (relative to uninfected prey) leads to an asymptotic increase in t ...
... 1989; Lafferty, 1992). Specifically, in a predator–prey system with prey as an intermediate host and the predator as a definitive host for a parasite, theory suggests that an increase in the susceptibility of infected prey to predation (relative to uninfected prey) leads to an asymptotic increase in t ...
Are there real differences among aquatic and terrestrial food webs?
... For example, Strong et al.20 provided evidence for a strong towards freshwater lake ecosystems, evidence from both species-level trophic cascade that extended to an abunstream17 and marine18 ecosystems show similar patterns. dant nitrogen-fixing shrub in a simple dune ecosystem. Similarly, Spiller a ...
... For example, Strong et al.20 provided evidence for a strong towards freshwater lake ecosystems, evidence from both species-level trophic cascade that extended to an abunstream17 and marine18 ecosystems show similar patterns. dant nitrogen-fixing shrub in a simple dune ecosystem. Similarly, Spiller a ...
Ecology in Global Scenarios - Millennium Ecosystem Assessment
... dynamics. Environmental changes, as distinct from ecosystem dynamics, are incorporated in many existing global scenarios. They are explicitly included in the biodiversity scenarios of Sala et al. (2000) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s global climate change scenarios (Watson and T ...
... dynamics. Environmental changes, as distinct from ecosystem dynamics, are incorporated in many existing global scenarios. They are explicitly included in the biodiversity scenarios of Sala et al. (2000) and the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change’s global climate change scenarios (Watson and T ...
Effects of elevated CO2 on keystone herbivores in modern Arctic
... arctic herbivores and likely compromise their ability to numerically respond to the predicted increase in plant growth (see section 1.5). There are also “top down” processes such as herbivory and predation in arctic ecosystems that are important in influencing how the biota responds to elevated CO2. ...
... arctic herbivores and likely compromise their ability to numerically respond to the predicted increase in plant growth (see section 1.5). There are also “top down” processes such as herbivory and predation in arctic ecosystems that are important in influencing how the biota responds to elevated CO2. ...
Northern California and Nevada Border Twin Peaks Wild Horse and
... In 2015, The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) did an aerial population census of seven North-Eastern California wild horse and burro Herd Management Areas in April and May. During a close examination of the BLM flight documents provided in a recent Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, it became ...
... In 2015, The Bureau of Land Management (BLM) did an aerial population census of seven North-Eastern California wild horse and burro Herd Management Areas in April and May. During a close examination of the BLM flight documents provided in a recent Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) request, it became ...
Basic and Applied Ecology
... morphospecies, identified to lowest possible taxon (family, genus, or species), and classified into major trophic guilds (e.g. predator, herbivore, decomposer). Alfalfa plant sampling was conducted by using plot outlines (lathe with 10 cm increments marked on it) and a random numbers table to select ...
... morphospecies, identified to lowest possible taxon (family, genus, or species), and classified into major trophic guilds (e.g. predator, herbivore, decomposer). Alfalfa plant sampling was conducted by using plot outlines (lathe with 10 cm increments marked on it) and a random numbers table to select ...
Monitoring data from citizen-science programs
... The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across ...
... The world’s grassland ecosystems are shaped in part by a key functional group of social, burrowing, herbivorous mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across ...
nsw scientific committee
... Generation length: is the average age of parents to the current newborn individuals in the population. Generation length reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. It is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in ...
... Generation length: is the average age of parents to the current newborn individuals in the population. Generation length reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. It is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in ...
Title Primary succession on a seasonal tropical rocky shore: The
... treatment, therefore, accounted for both variation in algal cover and distance from crevices as these influences were linked. Within these areas molluscan herbivores were either excluded, or allowed access to 23 × 23 cm areas. Completely fenced areas (–H [herbivores]), using 25 × 25 cm (1 cm edge) w ...
... treatment, therefore, accounted for both variation in algal cover and distance from crevices as these influences were linked. Within these areas molluscan herbivores were either excluded, or allowed access to 23 × 23 cm areas. Completely fenced areas (–H [herbivores]), using 25 × 25 cm (1 cm edge) w ...
Introduction to Landscape Ecology
... Evolution was gradual and organisms were well adapted to local environment Species distributions were determined by broad climate and by competition Vegetation across biomes was rather homogeneous except where upset by irregular disturbance ...
... Evolution was gradual and organisms were well adapted to local environment Species distributions were determined by broad climate and by competition Vegetation across biomes was rather homogeneous except where upset by irregular disturbance ...
Net regional methane sink in High Arctic soils of northeast Greenland
... greenhouse gas1–5 . Numerical simulations project a net increase in methane consumption in soils in high northern latitudes as a consequence of warming in the past few decades3,6 . Advances have been made in quantifying hotspots of methane emissions in Arctic wetlands7–13 , but the drivers, magnitud ...
... greenhouse gas1–5 . Numerical simulations project a net increase in methane consumption in soils in high northern latitudes as a consequence of warming in the past few decades3,6 . Advances have been made in quantifying hotspots of methane emissions in Arctic wetlands7–13 , but the drivers, magnitud ...
Marine biodiversity and ecosystem functioning: what`s known and
... Our results show that, generally, mixtures of species tend to enhance levels of ecosystem function relative to the average component species in monoculture, but have no effect or a negative effect on functioning relative to the ‘highestperforming’ species. These results are largely consistent with t ...
... Our results show that, generally, mixtures of species tend to enhance levels of ecosystem function relative to the average component species in monoculture, but have no effect or a negative effect on functioning relative to the ‘highestperforming’ species. These results are largely consistent with t ...
Impacts of Insect Herbivory and Nitrogen Eutrophication on
... herbivores, are likely to mediate the grassland’s response to increased N availability. However, attempts to investigate how herbivores might modify ecosystem-level N impacts have so far focused near-exclusively on the aboveground subsystem. Such approaches overlook the importance of the great numbe ...
... herbivores, are likely to mediate the grassland’s response to increased N availability. However, attempts to investigate how herbivores might modify ecosystem-level N impacts have so far focused near-exclusively on the aboveground subsystem. Such approaches overlook the importance of the great numbe ...
Nomination form for ecological communities
... Generation length: is the average age of parents to the current newborn individuals in the population. Generation length reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. It is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in ...
... Generation length: is the average age of parents to the current newborn individuals in the population. Generation length reflects the turnover rate of breeding individuals in a population. It is greater than the age at first breeding and less than the age of the oldest breeding individual, except in ...
National Park Service
... scenarios focused on the impacts to vegetation, fish, wildlife, and subsistence species engendered by radical shifts in seasonal stream flow and associated hydrology. General findings included the need for increased traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in planning; increased co-management, cooper ...
... scenarios focused on the impacts to vegetation, fish, wildlife, and subsistence species engendered by radical shifts in seasonal stream flow and associated hydrology. General findings included the need for increased traditional ecological knowledge (TEK) in planning; increased co-management, cooper ...
Structure and Function of Chihuahuan Desert
... This chapter focuses on the direct and indirect effects of animals on ecosystem processes and/or their effects on ecosystem properties. This set of effects has been the primary focus of animal studies on the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) ...
... This chapter focuses on the direct and indirect effects of animals on ecosystem processes and/or their effects on ecosystem properties. This set of effects has been the primary focus of animal studies on the Jornada Experimental Range (JER) and the Chihuahuan Desert Rangeland Research Center (CDRRC) ...
Rewilding horses in Europe : background and
... Linnartz, L. & R. Meissner (2014). Rewilding horses in Europe. Background and guidelines – a living document. Publication by Rewilding Europe, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. © 2014 All texts, maps and graphics: Rewilding Europe © 2014 All photographs: the respective photographers and the image sources ...
... Linnartz, L. & R. Meissner (2014). Rewilding horses in Europe. Background and guidelines – a living document. Publication by Rewilding Europe, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. © 2014 All texts, maps and graphics: Rewilding Europe © 2014 All photographs: the respective photographers and the image sources ...
The Impacts of African Elephant - ScholarWorks@GVSU
... The effect that elephants have on other animals is not always clear or consistent between areas. Typically a decrease in non-elephant density accompanies rising elephant densities (Valeix et al., 2011) As elephants change the structure of the landscape, they can modify the amount of visibility in an ...
... The effect that elephants have on other animals is not always clear or consistent between areas. Typically a decrease in non-elephant density accompanies rising elephant densities (Valeix et al., 2011) As elephants change the structure of the landscape, they can modify the amount of visibility in an ...
Biome Notes File - Northwest ISD Moodle
... • Plants in the deciduous forests grow in layers with tall trees, such as birch, dominating the canopy while shrubs cover the understory. Also, more light reaches deciduous forest floors than rain forests floors allowing more plants to grow. • Temperate-forest plants are adapted to survive seasonal ...
... • Plants in the deciduous forests grow in layers with tall trees, such as birch, dominating the canopy while shrubs cover the understory. Also, more light reaches deciduous forest floors than rain forests floors allowing more plants to grow. • Temperate-forest plants are adapted to survive seasonal ...
Differential sensitivity to regional‑scale drought in six central
... Typically, the ecological impacts of drought are assessed at the site level through the study of natural drought (e.g., Tilman and El Haddi 1992; Frank 2007; Debinski et al. 2010) or by experimentally imposing precipitation deficits (e.g., Heitschmidt et al. 2005; Shinoda et al. 2010; Misson et al. ...
... Typically, the ecological impacts of drought are assessed at the site level through the study of natural drought (e.g., Tilman and El Haddi 1992; Frank 2007; Debinski et al. 2010) or by experimentally imposing precipitation deficits (e.g., Heitschmidt et al. 2005; Shinoda et al. 2010; Misson et al. ...
The distribution of deer biomass in North America supports the
... between deer density and AE south of the wolf range, considering that I did not correct for factors such as areas of urbanization, agricultural lands, and nature of farm crops, which all influence deer abundance. It is also worth noting that deer behave like the rest of North American mammals, their ...
... between deer density and AE south of the wolf range, considering that I did not correct for factors such as areas of urbanization, agricultural lands, and nature of farm crops, which all influence deer abundance. It is also worth noting that deer behave like the rest of North American mammals, their ...
Scaling-up Trait Variation from Individuals to Ecosystems
... Lande, 2013). At the same time, ecology has historically focused on mean traits as both a characterization of populations and a response variable (Araújo et al., 2011; Bolnick et al., 2011; Sherratt and Macdougal, 1995; Violle et al., 2012). This difference in focus, to a large extent, stems from t ...
... Lande, 2013). At the same time, ecology has historically focused on mean traits as both a characterization of populations and a response variable (Araújo et al., 2011; Bolnick et al., 2011; Sherratt and Macdougal, 1995; Violle et al., 2012). This difference in focus, to a large extent, stems from t ...
Pleistocene Park
Pleistocene Park (Russian: Плейстоценовый парк) is a nature reserve on the Kolyma River south of Chersky in the Sakha Republic, Russia, in northeastern Siberia, where an attempt is being made to recreate the northern subarctic steppe grassland ecosystem that flourished in the area during the last glacial period.The project is being led by Russian researcher Sergey Zimov, with hopes to back the hypothesis that overhunting, and not climate change, was primarily responsible for the extinction of wildlife and the disappearance of the grasslands at the end of the Pleistocene epoch.A further aim is to research the climatic effects of the expected changes in the ecosystem. Here the hypothesis is that the change from tundra to grassland will result in a raised ratio of energy emission to energy absorption of the area, leading to less thawing of permafrost and thereby less emission of greenhouse gases.To study this, large herbivores have been released, and their effect on the local fauna is being monitored. Preliminary results point at the ecologically low-grade tundra biome being converted into a productive grassland biome, and at the energy emission of the area being raised.A documentary is being produced about the park by an American journalist and filmmaker.