Temperature-controlled US-mediated intracellular delivery of a
... delivery [2-4]. Despite the promising results yet another challenge remains, as most drug delivery carriers are taken up by endocytic pathways and end up inside the cell within endosomes; a pathway that prohibits efficient drug release into the cytosol. Therefore, the direct delivery of the drug of ...
... delivery [2-4]. Despite the promising results yet another challenge remains, as most drug delivery carriers are taken up by endocytic pathways and end up inside the cell within endosomes; a pathway that prohibits efficient drug release into the cytosol. Therefore, the direct delivery of the drug of ...
Inducing Embryonic Stem Cells to Become
... After fertilization, initial growth of the preimplantation mammalian embryo is characterized by rapid cell division. Cells within the embryo begin to differentiate at the 16-cell stage (morula). As development proceeds, cells on the periphery of the morula give rise to trophoblasts (which, together ...
... After fertilization, initial growth of the preimplantation mammalian embryo is characterized by rapid cell division. Cells within the embryo begin to differentiate at the 16-cell stage (morula). As development proceeds, cells on the periphery of the morula give rise to trophoblasts (which, together ...
Receptor Fragments: Intracellular Signaling and
... An intracellular fragment is also produced from the GPCR, D-frizzled 2, a post-synaptic protein which interacts with the presynaptic protein, “wingless”. Following endosome internalization, the cytoplasmic domain is cleaved and translocated to the nucleus where it is involved in transcriptional even ...
... An intracellular fragment is also produced from the GPCR, D-frizzled 2, a post-synaptic protein which interacts with the presynaptic protein, “wingless”. Following endosome internalization, the cytoplasmic domain is cleaved and translocated to the nucleus where it is involved in transcriptional even ...
cell-substratum adhesion of neurite growth cones, and its role in
... The adhesion of chick embryo sensory neurons to glass coverslips was examined with interference reflection optics. On untreated glass, adhesive contacts are common only beneath growth cones and are small. On polylysine-treated glass growth cones are highly spread, microspikes reach treat lengths and ...
... The adhesion of chick embryo sensory neurons to glass coverslips was examined with interference reflection optics. On untreated glass, adhesive contacts are common only beneath growth cones and are small. On polylysine-treated glass growth cones are highly spread, microspikes reach treat lengths and ...
From signal to form: aspects of the cytoskeleton
... unit of plant cell growth. Though natural cell growth does not occur without exocytosis, it should be noted that exocytosis in plant cells may take place without cell expansion. This phenomenon happens in cases where the exocytosed material is excreted outside the cell wall, for instance nectar or t ...
... unit of plant cell growth. Though natural cell growth does not occur without exocytosis, it should be noted that exocytosis in plant cells may take place without cell expansion. This phenomenon happens in cases where the exocytosed material is excreted outside the cell wall, for instance nectar or t ...
Laminar Shear Stress Inhibits Endothelial Cell Metabolism via KLF2
... Figure 1. Laminar shear stress reduces glucose uptake in endothelial cells (ECs) in a Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)–dependent manner. A, Representative flow cytometry histogram overlay (left) and quantification of 2-N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amino-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBD)-glucose uptake (righ ...
... Figure 1. Laminar shear stress reduces glucose uptake in endothelial cells (ECs) in a Krüppel-like factor 2 (KLF2)–dependent manner. A, Representative flow cytometry histogram overlay (left) and quantification of 2-N-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl-amino-2-deoxyglucose (2-NBD)-glucose uptake (righ ...
Electrocardioqraphic criteria for predicting the site of coronary artery
... Pheromone-inducible plasmid transfer is an important mechanism for dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in these organisms. Plasmid-free strains of Enterococcus faecalis secrete at least half a dozen peptide sex pheromone-probably many more-that induce a mating response by po ...
... Pheromone-inducible plasmid transfer is an important mechanism for dissemination of antibiotic resistance and virulence factors in these organisms. Plasmid-free strains of Enterococcus faecalis secrete at least half a dozen peptide sex pheromone-probably many more-that induce a mating response by po ...
Stimulation of Cell Elongation by Tetraploidy in Hypocotyls of Dark
... Endopolyploidy, which is essential for angiosperm development, is controlled by an endoreduplication cycle whereby the genome is duplicated without cellular division. Conversely, autopolyploidy arises spontaneously or experimentally through the production of a 2n gamete during reproduction [3]. The ...
... Endopolyploidy, which is essential for angiosperm development, is controlled by an endoreduplication cycle whereby the genome is duplicated without cellular division. Conversely, autopolyploidy arises spontaneously or experimentally through the production of a 2n gamete during reproduction [3]. The ...
Gene Section BTK (Bruton agammaglobulinemia tyrosine kinase) Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... In 1993 BTK was identified as the gene defective in the human immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). The XLA disease, which was first described by Dr. O.C. Bruton in 1952, is characterized by protracted and recurrent bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations of XLA XLA Patie ...
... In 1993 BTK was identified as the gene defective in the human immunodeficiency disease X-linked agammaglobulinemia (XLA). The XLA disease, which was first described by Dr. O.C. Bruton in 1952, is characterized by protracted and recurrent bacterial infections. Clinical manifestations of XLA XLA Patie ...
Differentiation of Cardiac Myocytes after Mitogen Withdrawal
... synchronous spontaneous contractions, from day 2 onward. By days 2 and 3, the contractile myocytes developed a characteristic morphology consisting of a coarse granular cytoplasm with dense inclusions and a dense round nucleus. By the criteria of morphology and spontaneous contraction, the ventricul ...
... synchronous spontaneous contractions, from day 2 onward. By days 2 and 3, the contractile myocytes developed a characteristic morphology consisting of a coarse granular cytoplasm with dense inclusions and a dense round nucleus. By the criteria of morphology and spontaneous contraction, the ventricul ...
CiC3-1a-Mediated Chemotaxis in the Deuterostome Invertebrate
... Lynn A. Spruce,‡ Rosaria De Santis,* Nicolò Parrinello,† and John D. Lambris2‡ Deuterostome invertebrates possess complement genes, and in limited instances complement-mediated functions have been reported in these organisms. However, the organization of the complement pathway(s), as well as the fu ...
... Lynn A. Spruce,‡ Rosaria De Santis,* Nicolò Parrinello,† and John D. Lambris2‡ Deuterostome invertebrates possess complement genes, and in limited instances complement-mediated functions have been reported in these organisms. However, the organization of the complement pathway(s), as well as the fu ...
Modulation of T cell signaling by the actin cytoskeleton
... CD45 (also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C). All signaling events must be coordinated in time and space to achieve accurate T cell activation, and each of these activities is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is a filamentous network known to provide m ...
... CD45 (also known as receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase C). All signaling events must be coordinated in time and space to achieve accurate T cell activation, and each of these activities is dependent on the actin cytoskeleton. The actin cytoskeleton is a filamentous network known to provide m ...
![An FGF4-FRS2[alpha]-Cdx2 Axis in Trophoblast Stem Cells Induces](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/004612399_1-b568e9f7ef7ac5f7304ea5d975b0dd52-300x300.png)
An FGF4-FRS2[alpha]-Cdx2 Axis in Trophoblast Stem Cells Induces
... dishes, but fail to develop TS cell colonies even in the presence of FGF4. TS cell lines could not be established from Frs2a-null blastocysts. We also have previously shown that activation of ERK and expression of Bmp4 are reduced in the Frs2a-null embryos [15]. Moreover, we showed that FGF4 rapidly ...
... dishes, but fail to develop TS cell colonies even in the presence of FGF4. TS cell lines could not be established from Frs2a-null blastocysts. We also have previously shown that activation of ERK and expression of Bmp4 are reduced in the Frs2a-null embryos [15]. Moreover, we showed that FGF4 rapidly ...
PDF data （121 pages / 16.7MB）
... an institution of its own. The school prides itself on offering not only productive educational content but also an opportunity for the young researchers to form a global network. We are committed to continuing contributions to scientific advances through immunology research and education and the ev ...
... an institution of its own. The school prides itself on offering not only productive educational content but also an opportunity for the young researchers to form a global network. We are committed to continuing contributions to scientific advances through immunology research and education and the ev ...
Mice lacking the homeodomain transcription factor
... Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.6 represent more divergent members of the family (Lints et al., 1993). NK2 family members have now been shown to be key regulators of development and differentiation in several tissues: Nkx2.1 is necessary for lung, thyroid and ventral forebrain development and Nkx2.5 is required for ...
... Nkx2.5 and Nkx2.6 represent more divergent members of the family (Lints et al., 1993). NK2 family members have now been shown to be key regulators of development and differentiation in several tissues: Nkx2.1 is necessary for lung, thyroid and ventral forebrain development and Nkx2.5 is required for ...
jaf op den kamp*, w. van - Utrecht University Repository
... initial value of 7.2. Under these conditions, the phospholipid composition turned out to be the same as that of cells grown in medium A, namely a high content of phosphatidyl glycerol, while the glucosaminyl derivative was not detectable (Table II). Some differences are to be noted between B. megate ...
... initial value of 7.2. Under these conditions, the phospholipid composition turned out to be the same as that of cells grown in medium A, namely a high content of phosphatidyl glycerol, while the glucosaminyl derivative was not detectable (Table II). Some differences are to be noted between B. megate ...
Xylem Structure and Function
... prevent the spread of embolisms. The end walls of vessel elements are modified into perforation plates (Figure 2d and e). Most vessel elements possess simple transverse perforation plates with only one large perforation, but compound perforation plates with two or more perforations occur. Simple perf ...
... prevent the spread of embolisms. The end walls of vessel elements are modified into perforation plates (Figure 2d and e). Most vessel elements possess simple transverse perforation plates with only one large perforation, but compound perforation plates with two or more perforations occur. Simple perf ...
Changes in the expression of the carbohydrate
... that determine which cells will undergo this transformation and which will not are understood. It is generally accepted, however, that the early lower layer, the hypoblast, exerts an 'inductive' influence on the overlying epiblast to trigger certain cells in the latter tissue to change their develop ...
... that determine which cells will undergo this transformation and which will not are understood. It is generally accepted, however, that the early lower layer, the hypoblast, exerts an 'inductive' influence on the overlying epiblast to trigger certain cells in the latter tissue to change their develop ...
The a4 Nicotinic Receptor Promotes CD4 T
... CD3 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a mouse monoclonal anti-CD4 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a mouse monoclonal CD133 Ab (eBioscience/Affymetrix, San Diego, CA), a rat monoclonal anti-a4 Ab (mAb299) (Whiting and Lindstrom, 1988), a rabbit polyclonal anti-CDC42 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a monoc ...
... CD3 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a mouse monoclonal anti-CD4 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a mouse monoclonal CD133 Ab (eBioscience/Affymetrix, San Diego, CA), a rat monoclonal anti-a4 Ab (mAb299) (Whiting and Lindstrom, 1988), a rabbit polyclonal anti-CDC42 Ab (Santa Cruz Biotechnology), a monoc ...
Separate Metabolic Pathways Leading to DNA Fragmentation
... New York, 10021; and *Unitt de Biologie Mol~culaire du C~e, lnstitut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France ...
... New York, 10021; and *Unitt de Biologie Mol~culaire du C~e, lnstitut Pasteur, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France ...
Skeletal muscle cells
... • Increase in size (hypertrophy) • Increase in number (regeneration/proliferation) • Satellite cells are proposed source of regenerative cells Smooth Muscle • Increase in size (hypertrophy) • Increase in number (regeneration/proliferation) • Smooth muscle cells are proliferative (e.g. uterine myomet ...
... • Increase in size (hypertrophy) • Increase in number (regeneration/proliferation) • Satellite cells are proposed source of regenerative cells Smooth Muscle • Increase in size (hypertrophy) • Increase in number (regeneration/proliferation) • Smooth muscle cells are proliferative (e.g. uterine myomet ...
Functions and Mechanisms of Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF
... Following tube collapse, mesoderm cells move radially towards the ectoderm, described as flattening behaviour [16]. Upon flattening, cells at the edge of the aggregate switch from radial to dorsal movement and this initiates spreading of the cell collective in dorsal direction [21,22]. In addition t ...
... Following tube collapse, mesoderm cells move radially towards the ectoderm, described as flattening behaviour [16]. Upon flattening, cells at the edge of the aggregate switch from radial to dorsal movement and this initiates spreading of the cell collective in dorsal direction [21,22]. In addition t ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.