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Tonicity
Tonicity

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Chapter 12

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Cell Life Cycle and Reproduction

... Advantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction Single-celled and many multi-celled organisms reproduce asexually by a process called mitosis, which is simple cell division. In mitosis, DNA is divided equally between two daughter cells. In mitosis in eukaryotes, the DNA is sorted into the two new nucl ...
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... 29. An owl and a bat share the same kingdom and phylum; an owl and a robin share the same kingdom, phylum, and class. The owl and ____________________ have more characteristics in common. 30. Bacteria are called ____________________ because their genetic material is not contained in nuclei. 31. A vi ...
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L.15.6
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Heat-Induced Apoptosis in Human Glioblastoma
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Chapter 12 The Cell Cycle

...  Eukaryotic chromosomes consist of chromatin, a complex of DNA and protein that condenses during cell division  Every eukaryotic species has a characteristic number of chromosomes in each cell nucleus  Somatic cells (nonreproductive cells) have two sets of chromosomes  Gametes (reproductive cell ...
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Mitosis



Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.
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