Kang, J., A. Volkmann, and D.H. Raulet. 2001. Evidence that gammadelta versus alphabeta T cell fate determination is initiated independently of T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 193:689-698.
... cells to differentiate into ␥␦ or ␣ lineage cells, respectively (5, 6). At the other end of the spectrum is the view that lineage commitment is initially TCR independent, with committed cells able to subsequently rearrange all three relevant TCR genes (␥, ␦, and ) (4, 6–9). In this model, TCR sig ...
... cells to differentiate into ␥␦ or ␣ lineage cells, respectively (5, 6). At the other end of the spectrum is the view that lineage commitment is initially TCR independent, with committed cells able to subsequently rearrange all three relevant TCR genes (␥, ␦, and ) (4, 6–9). In this model, TCR sig ...
BCL-xL-Dependent Light Scattering by Apoptotic Cells
... apoptosis induction raise interesting questions as to the role of BCL-xL in conferring apoptosis resistance by preconditioning the cells and possibly altering mitochondrial morphology. ...
... apoptosis induction raise interesting questions as to the role of BCL-xL in conferring apoptosis resistance by preconditioning the cells and possibly altering mitochondrial morphology. ...
Gastrointestinal MALT Lymphoma
... “marginal zones” of neoplastic cells (analogous to Peyer’s patches) • Neoplastic cells infiltrate mucosa widely, creating LELs • Defined as at least three neoplastic cells, causing epithelial ...
... “marginal zones” of neoplastic cells (analogous to Peyer’s patches) • Neoplastic cells infiltrate mucosa widely, creating LELs • Defined as at least three neoplastic cells, causing epithelial ...
S. cerevisiae Mitotic Exit Activator
... The key roles of the S phase cyclins are to activate DNA replication and spindle pole body duplication and to prevent the inappropriate re-initiation of DNA replication upon completion of S phase (Dahmann et al., 1995). Although the S phase and mitotic cyclins are expressed at different times, they ...
... The key roles of the S phase cyclins are to activate DNA replication and spindle pole body duplication and to prevent the inappropriate re-initiation of DNA replication upon completion of S phase (Dahmann et al., 1995). Although the S phase and mitotic cyclins are expressed at different times, they ...
Measuring forces and stresses in situ in living tissues
... contact. Such approaches can be used on samples that are accessible to a probe, without a rigid external layer; their advantage is that they provide direct measurements of the applied force. When the sample deformation response mostly originates from internal forces and/or stresses, measuring the fo ...
... contact. Such approaches can be used on samples that are accessible to a probe, without a rigid external layer; their advantage is that they provide direct measurements of the applied force. When the sample deformation response mostly originates from internal forces and/or stresses, measuring the fo ...
molecular mechanisms of mechanoperception in plants
... external support structures to which the plants then fasten themselves after making contact (reviewed by Isnard and Silk, 2009); continued growth along such vertical structures enables the climbing plants to optimize light capture without the costly investment of forming extensive support tissues. I ...
... external support structures to which the plants then fasten themselves after making contact (reviewed by Isnard and Silk, 2009); continued growth along such vertical structures enables the climbing plants to optimize light capture without the costly investment of forming extensive support tissues. I ...
glycolytic and associated enzymes of rainbow trout (oncorhynchus
... Enzyme activities in each red cell sample were determined in duplicate assays at 340 nm using a Gilford UV-VIS recording spectrophotometer. The assays were performed at 20° C so that maximal activity determinations were made within, and at the upper end of, the tolerated temperature range of this an ...
... Enzyme activities in each red cell sample were determined in duplicate assays at 340 nm using a Gilford UV-VIS recording spectrophotometer. The assays were performed at 20° C so that maximal activity determinations were made within, and at the upper end of, the tolerated temperature range of this an ...
Production of macrophage activating factors by the mitogen
... dialyzed against a pH 2 buffer for 24h-similar to IFN-γ. Stimulated cell supernatants did not increase phagocytic activity and peroxidase production of heterogenic mouse peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that the spleen lymphocytes of Japanese parrotfish can produce a macrophage activat ...
... dialyzed against a pH 2 buffer for 24h-similar to IFN-γ. Stimulated cell supernatants did not increase phagocytic activity and peroxidase production of heterogenic mouse peritoneal macrophages. These findings suggest that the spleen lymphocytes of Japanese parrotfish can produce a macrophage activat ...
Compliance in plants
... The structural implications of this design are profound, as each twig and each branch acts as a separate structural element, totally free to move at its tip and subjected overwhelmingly to bending forces. This is totally different from a typical space-frame engineering structure such as a truss brid ...
... The structural implications of this design are profound, as each twig and each branch acts as a separate structural element, totally free to move at its tip and subjected overwhelmingly to bending forces. This is totally different from a typical space-frame engineering structure such as a truss brid ...
NIH Public Access
... Notch signaling is interpreted by the progenitor cells during this binary decision process was unknown. The proliferation of multipotent progenitor cells must be precisely regulated as the different endocrine and exocrine cells types emerge at different times during development. For example, if prog ...
... Notch signaling is interpreted by the progenitor cells during this binary decision process was unknown. The proliferation of multipotent progenitor cells must be precisely regulated as the different endocrine and exocrine cells types emerge at different times during development. For example, if prog ...
The alternative oxidase lowers mitochondrial reactive oxygen
... diacetate, we found that antisense suppression of AOX resulted in cells with a significantly higher level of ROS compared with wild-type cells, whereas the overexpression of AOX resulted in cells with lower ROS abundance. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy showed that the difference in ROS abundance ...
... diacetate, we found that antisense suppression of AOX resulted in cells with a significantly higher level of ROS compared with wild-type cells, whereas the overexpression of AOX resulted in cells with lower ROS abundance. Laser-scanning confocal microscopy showed that the difference in ROS abundance ...
Influence of Deformability of Human Red Cells upon Blood Viscosity
... filtration. Viscosity of hardened cells was measured in a GDM viscometer (8) at shear rates between 0.1 and 20 sec"1 with continuous recording of shear stresses. A guard ring was built into the instrument to obviate surface effects, and in some experiments, a thin layer of paraffin oil (viscosity 3. ...
... filtration. Viscosity of hardened cells was measured in a GDM viscometer (8) at shear rates between 0.1 and 20 sec"1 with continuous recording of shear stresses. A guard ring was built into the instrument to obviate surface effects, and in some experiments, a thin layer of paraffin oil (viscosity 3. ...
Induction of Sequence-Specific DNA
... proteins was unclear.” In this study, we show that DNAbinding factors that bind specifically to the SIE and GRR sequences are rapidly and transiently induced after Epo stimulationin the Epo-dependent mouse erythroleukemia cell line HCD-57 and that these factors contain components detected by antipho ...
... proteins was unclear.” In this study, we show that DNAbinding factors that bind specifically to the SIE and GRR sequences are rapidly and transiently induced after Epo stimulationin the Epo-dependent mouse erythroleukemia cell line HCD-57 and that these factors contain components detected by antipho ...
Protein Kinase C Activators Inhibit Receptor
... and diffuses through a membrane carder into the cytoplasm (21). The vitamin becomes polyglutamylated as soon as it reaches the cytoplasm, which prevents diffusion out of the cell. Finally, the closed caveolae open to expose the receptors for another round of folate uptake. Evidence is beginning to a ...
... and diffuses through a membrane carder into the cytoplasm (21). The vitamin becomes polyglutamylated as soon as it reaches the cytoplasm, which prevents diffusion out of the cell. Finally, the closed caveolae open to expose the receptors for another round of folate uptake. Evidence is beginning to a ...
MicroRNA-regulated gene networks during mammary cell
... analyzed with qPCR at each differentiation stage. Melk and Birc5 are examples of SC-like stage markers and Ehf of the differentiated stage. Black, light gray and gray represent three differentiation replicates, respectively. ***P < 0.001. Part of A (schematic model of HC11 cell differentiation in mi ...
... analyzed with qPCR at each differentiation stage. Melk and Birc5 are examples of SC-like stage markers and Ehf of the differentiated stage. Black, light gray and gray represent three differentiation replicates, respectively. ***P < 0.001. Part of A (schematic model of HC11 cell differentiation in mi ...
Identification of novel MYO18A interaction partners - HAL
... myofiber integrity and induces myofiber lesions, and compromises the localization of dystrophin, α-DG and laminin at myotome boundaries11, suggesting an important role for this unconventional myosin in maintaining muscle cell stability. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which MYO18A functions in this ...
... myofiber integrity and induces myofiber lesions, and compromises the localization of dystrophin, α-DG and laminin at myotome boundaries11, suggesting an important role for this unconventional myosin in maintaining muscle cell stability. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which MYO18A functions in this ...
Biosynthesis and properties of the plant cell wall Wolf
... synthesis, suggesting that this enzyme activity is required for cellulose formation in higher plants. Although SG appears to serve as a primer for cellulose synthesis in cotton fibers, it is not clear how far this observation can be generalized. Lipid-linked 1,4-β-glucans have been reported to accum ...
... synthesis, suggesting that this enzyme activity is required for cellulose formation in higher plants. Although SG appears to serve as a primer for cellulose synthesis in cotton fibers, it is not clear how far this observation can be generalized. Lipid-linked 1,4-β-glucans have been reported to accum ...
Rab-A2 and Rab-A3 GTPases Define a trans
... plate pathway is proposed to be a polarized modified version of the preexisting secretory pathway(s) (Bednarek and Falbel, 2002; Jürgens and Pacher, 2004). However, an alternative recent suggestion is that the cell plate is constructed preferentially from endocytosed polysaccharide and membrane (Ba ...
... plate pathway is proposed to be a polarized modified version of the preexisting secretory pathway(s) (Bednarek and Falbel, 2002; Jürgens and Pacher, 2004). However, an alternative recent suggestion is that the cell plate is constructed preferentially from endocytosed polysaccharide and membrane (Ba ...
The Gram Reaction and Cell Composition: Nucleic
... low LP in the analyses of the whole cells. The work of Newton (1953)and our own recent unpublished observations show that Gram-negative organisms lose significant amounts of the acidsoluble components when washed in distilled water, whereas Gram-positive organisms generally do not. Since all the org ...
... low LP in the analyses of the whole cells. The work of Newton (1953)and our own recent unpublished observations show that Gram-negative organisms lose significant amounts of the acidsoluble components when washed in distilled water, whereas Gram-positive organisms generally do not. Since all the org ...
The more and smaller cells mutants of Arabidopsis
... al., 2003a; Li and Chen, 2003), rdr6-11, sgs3-11 (Peragine et al., 2004), zip1 (Hunter et al., 2003b) and axr1-3 (Estelle and Somerville, 1987) mutants and the T-DNA insertion mutants arf3-2 (CS24604) (Okushima et al., 2005), arf4-2 (SALK_070506C) (Alonso et al., 2003) and sqn-5 (SALK_033511) (Prune ...
... al., 2003a; Li and Chen, 2003), rdr6-11, sgs3-11 (Peragine et al., 2004), zip1 (Hunter et al., 2003b) and axr1-3 (Estelle and Somerville, 1987) mutants and the T-DNA insertion mutants arf3-2 (CS24604) (Okushima et al., 2005), arf4-2 (SALK_070506C) (Alonso et al., 2003) and sqn-5 (SALK_033511) (Prune ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.