Endocytosis unplugged: multiple ways to enter the cell
... clathrin indicated that it is capable of coating vesicles 100-200 nm in diameter. Clathrin functions as a trimer of heterodimers, each unit consisting of one heavy and one light chain forming a triskeleton [44]. These triskelia can assemble into a lattice-like structure around the vesicles. Adaptor ...
... clathrin indicated that it is capable of coating vesicles 100-200 nm in diameter. Clathrin functions as a trimer of heterodimers, each unit consisting of one heavy and one light chain forming a triskeleton [44]. These triskelia can assemble into a lattice-like structure around the vesicles. Adaptor ...
Arabidopsis RHD3 mediates the generation of the tubular ER
... in close association with the underlying ER tubules. Arabidopsis has three RHD3 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 3) isoforms that are analogous to the mammalian atlastin GTPases involved in shaping ER tubules. We used live-cell imaging, genetic complementation, split ubiquitin assays and western blot analyses i ...
... in close association with the underlying ER tubules. Arabidopsis has three RHD3 (ROOT HAIR DEFECTIVE 3) isoforms that are analogous to the mammalian atlastin GTPases involved in shaping ER tubules. We used live-cell imaging, genetic complementation, split ubiquitin assays and western blot analyses i ...
Certain Aspects of Cell Lineage and Morphogenesis
... of pole cells which are eventually incorporated into the embryonic gonad. The results show quite definitely that it is those pole cells which are carried at gastrulation into the posterior mid-gut rudiment, rather than the pole cells concerned in the earlier interblastodermal migration, which play a ...
... of pole cells which are eventually incorporated into the embryonic gonad. The results show quite definitely that it is those pole cells which are carried at gastrulation into the posterior mid-gut rudiment, rather than the pole cells concerned in the earlier interblastodermal migration, which play a ...
Surface CD81 Via Microparticles Release and Intercellular Transfer
... of cells with anti-CD81 mAbs disengages CD81 on the surface and inhibits its function or increases its association with other proteins and mimics its natural function (6). Although its natural ligand has not been identified, CD81 has recently gained attention as a potential receptor for the hepatiti ...
... of cells with anti-CD81 mAbs disengages CD81 on the surface and inhibits its function or increases its association with other proteins and mimics its natural function (6). Although its natural ligand has not been identified, CD81 has recently gained attention as a potential receptor for the hepatiti ...
Regulative interactions in zebrafish neural crest
... Although transplanted EMC cells can produce DRG neurons even when they migrate late, they do not behave the same under all environmental conditions. EMC cells transplanted into 18-19h hosts (‘late’ hosts) migrated 3-5.5 hours after host EMC cells. Under these conditions, transplanted EMC cells no lo ...
... Although transplanted EMC cells can produce DRG neurons even when they migrate late, they do not behave the same under all environmental conditions. EMC cells transplanted into 18-19h hosts (‘late’ hosts) migrated 3-5.5 hours after host EMC cells. Under these conditions, transplanted EMC cells no lo ...
OCTOPUS, a polarly localised membrane
... The final differentiation of specific cell types from vascular precursor cells is not a synchronous process, but rather starts from distinct locations within the plant. For example, after germination, the differentiation of Arabidopsis protophloem precursor cells into mature protophloem sieve elemen ...
... The final differentiation of specific cell types from vascular precursor cells is not a synchronous process, but rather starts from distinct locations within the plant. For example, after germination, the differentiation of Arabidopsis protophloem precursor cells into mature protophloem sieve elemen ...
Arabidopsis Kinetochore Fiber-Associated MAP65-4
... release of MTs from their nucleation sites (Shaw et al., 2003; Stoppin-Mellet et al., 2006), and transport of the MTs by a hybrid treadmilling mechanism (Shaw et al., 2003). The angle at which MTs encounter other MTs determines the outcome of the MT interaction; it can cause catastrophe, severing, c ...
... release of MTs from their nucleation sites (Shaw et al., 2003; Stoppin-Mellet et al., 2006), and transport of the MTs by a hybrid treadmilling mechanism (Shaw et al., 2003). The angle at which MTs encounter other MTs determines the outcome of the MT interaction; it can cause catastrophe, severing, c ...
Cortical cell fate specification
... differentiated cell types that can mediate distinct functions. During development, differentiated cell types are generated from dividing progenitor cells. The mechanisms by which the principal cell types of the nervous system, neurons and glia, are generated from the progenitor population has been a ...
... differentiated cell types that can mediate distinct functions. During development, differentiated cell types are generated from dividing progenitor cells. The mechanisms by which the principal cell types of the nervous system, neurons and glia, are generated from the progenitor population has been a ...
Engagement of the inhibitory receptor CD158a
... From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. ...
... From www.bloodjournal.org by guest on June 18, 2017. For personal use only. ...
transcription factor foxc2 demarcates the jugular lymphangiogenic
... lymphatics are derived from the jugular lymph sacs, which, in turn, are derived from the jugular segment of the cardinal veins (11-14). Endothelial cells (ECs) in the jugular segment of the cardinal veins are characterized by the expression of the homeobox transcription factor Prox1, which is essent ...
... lymphatics are derived from the jugular lymph sacs, which, in turn, are derived from the jugular segment of the cardinal veins (11-14). Endothelial cells (ECs) in the jugular segment of the cardinal veins are characterized by the expression of the homeobox transcription factor Prox1, which is essent ...
Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 44: 1927-1932, 2003.
... markers, whereas other regions had many positive satellite cells in proximity to one another. Limb muscle was essentially negative for all these markers of activated satellite cells. Of the more than 100 sections scanned for each control muscle, each containing thousands of myofibers in cross sectio ...
... markers, whereas other regions had many positive satellite cells in proximity to one another. Limb muscle was essentially negative for all these markers of activated satellite cells. Of the more than 100 sections scanned for each control muscle, each containing thousands of myofibers in cross sectio ...
Role of Sulfhydryl Sites on Bacterial Cell Walls in the
... groups at the nanomolar and low micromolar concentrations, and carboxyls and/or phosphoryls at high micromolar concentrations (Fig. 2). In addition, the structure of cysteine complex changes from primarily HgS3 to HgS2 and HgS (where S = cysteine) complex as the bacteria were exposed to Hg at sub-mi ...
... groups at the nanomolar and low micromolar concentrations, and carboxyls and/or phosphoryls at high micromolar concentrations (Fig. 2). In addition, the structure of cysteine complex changes from primarily HgS3 to HgS2 and HgS (where S = cysteine) complex as the bacteria were exposed to Hg at sub-mi ...
Defining new SNARE functions: the i-SNARE
... or lipid reorientation, we have to better characterize their unexpected interfering effect on vacuolar targeting. When their concentration is inversely proportional to the expected fusogenic activity, SNAREs can be reasonably defined as i-SNAREs. These have been proposed to belong to a new functiona ...
... or lipid reorientation, we have to better characterize their unexpected interfering effect on vacuolar targeting. When their concentration is inversely proportional to the expected fusogenic activity, SNAREs can be reasonably defined as i-SNAREs. These have been proposed to belong to a new functiona ...
Eur J - HAL
... and yeast protease A [1]. All these enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, which are then processed either auto-catalytically (e.g. pepsin) [1] or by other enzymes (e.g. renin) to remove an N-terminal pro-peptide [2]. For cath-D, an intermediate mechanism had been proposed, namely, a partia ...
... and yeast protease A [1]. All these enzymes are synthesized as inactive precursors, which are then processed either auto-catalytically (e.g. pepsin) [1] or by other enzymes (e.g. renin) to remove an N-terminal pro-peptide [2]. For cath-D, an intermediate mechanism had been proposed, namely, a partia ...
Primitive streak mesoderm-like cell lines expressing
... conditions are likely to reflect the continued presence of undifferentiated stem cells and, consistent with this explanation, 1×10−6 M RA treatment results in differentiation of a higher proportion of P19 cells than does 1% DMSO treatment (McBurney et al., 1982). The effect of LIF on Oct-3/4 express ...
... conditions are likely to reflect the continued presence of undifferentiated stem cells and, consistent with this explanation, 1×10−6 M RA treatment results in differentiation of a higher proportion of P19 cells than does 1% DMSO treatment (McBurney et al., 1982). The effect of LIF on Oct-3/4 express ...
The chimeric leucine-rich repeat/extensin cell wall protein
... regulators of cell wall expansion (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling have been identified, clarifying how cell wall expansion proceeds (for review, see ...
... regulators of cell wall expansion (Carpita and Gibeaut 1993) or as linkers between the cell wall and the plasma membrane (Knox 1995). In recent years, several key enzymes involved in cell wall synthesis and remodeling have been identified, clarifying how cell wall expansion proceeds (for review, see ...
Recent advances in plant cell wall proteomics
... Indeed, proteomic studies made on cell walls revealed leaderless proteins mixed with secreted proteins, many of which have well-known functions inside the cell. There have been many discussions about the possibility of finding non-canonical proteins in plant cell walls [7, 36]. Are they bona fide s ...
... Indeed, proteomic studies made on cell walls revealed leaderless proteins mixed with secreted proteins, many of which have well-known functions inside the cell. There have been many discussions about the possibility of finding non-canonical proteins in plant cell walls [7, 36]. Are they bona fide s ...
IN VITRO BARK EXTRACTS
... The nutrient broth was prepared and sterilized by autoclaving at 121˚C and at 15lbs for 15 minutes. Bacterial and fungal cultures were sub cultured in liquid medium at 37˚C for 8h and further used for the test (104-105CFU /ml). Antibacterial Assay Kirby bauer Agar Well Diffusion method was used to s ...
... The nutrient broth was prepared and sterilized by autoclaving at 121˚C and at 15lbs for 15 minutes. Bacterial and fungal cultures were sub cultured in liquid medium at 37˚C for 8h and further used for the test (104-105CFU /ml). Antibacterial Assay Kirby bauer Agar Well Diffusion method was used to s ...
The plant endoplasmic reticulum: a cell-wide web
... The biological significance of ER shape in terms of tubulation compared with cisternalization is an interesting topic which is gaining renewed interest. A shift to cisternal over tubular ER was proposed to occur due to an increased secretory load in differentiating maize root cap cells [10] and duri ...
... The biological significance of ER shape in terms of tubulation compared with cisternalization is an interesting topic which is gaining renewed interest. A shift to cisternal over tubular ER was proposed to occur due to an increased secretory load in differentiating maize root cap cells [10] and duri ...
Evidence that the transport of ricin to the cytoplasm is independent
... hemagglutinin protein (HA) from the ER to the cell surface was measured by incorporation of radioactivity from Tran 35S-label into HA as previously described (Hu et al., 1999). In brief, cells were transfected with plasmid encoding wild-type Rab6A or the mutant Rab6A-T27N one day before an experimen ...
... hemagglutinin protein (HA) from the ER to the cell surface was measured by incorporation of radioactivity from Tran 35S-label into HA as previously described (Hu et al., 1999). In brief, cells were transfected with plasmid encoding wild-type Rab6A or the mutant Rab6A-T27N one day before an experimen ...
PDF - Oxford Academic
... distinct genes with characteristic expression patterns (Lendvai et al., 2007; Miskolczi et al., 2007). Microarray analysis showed constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis RBR1 gene during cell cycle progression in synchronized cells (de Almeida et al., 2009). Studies on the mammalian cell division ...
... distinct genes with characteristic expression patterns (Lendvai et al., 2007; Miskolczi et al., 2007). Microarray analysis showed constitutive expression of the Arabidopsis RBR1 gene during cell cycle progression in synchronized cells (de Almeida et al., 2009). Studies on the mammalian cell division ...
Growth-factor-related proteins that are inducers in early
... (Smith et al. 1988; Cooke, 1989; Ruiz i Altaba and Melton, 1989; Green et al. 1990). The bird embryo provides a model of higher vertebrate (amniote) development starting from a blastoderm-like structure, accessible to detailed experimental manipulation at the required stages. But investigation of wh ...
... (Smith et al. 1988; Cooke, 1989; Ruiz i Altaba and Melton, 1989; Green et al. 1990). The bird embryo provides a model of higher vertebrate (amniote) development starting from a blastoderm-like structure, accessible to detailed experimental manipulation at the required stages. But investigation of wh ...
Epigenetic Regulation of Higher Order Chromatin
... necessary for development and have lead to the discovery of parental specific heritable chromosomal marks other than the DNA sequence. These marks can be manifested as parent of origin specific gene expression pattern in a subset of autosomal genes, and are generally referred to as the phenomenon of ...
... necessary for development and have lead to the discovery of parental specific heritable chromosomal marks other than the DNA sequence. These marks can be manifested as parent of origin specific gene expression pattern in a subset of autosomal genes, and are generally referred to as the phenomenon of ...
Mitosis
Mitosis is a part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, each in its own nucleus. In general, mitosis (division of the nucleus) is often followed by cytokinesis, which divides the cytoplasm, organelles and cell membrane into two new cells containing roughly equal shares of these cellular components. Mitosis and cytokinesis together define the mitotic (M) phase of an animal cell cycle—the division of the mother cell into two daughter cells, genetically identical to each other and to their parent cell.The process of mitosis is divided into stages corresponding to the completion of one set of activities and the start of the next. These stages are prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. During mitosis, the chromosomes, which have already duplicated, condense and attach to fibers that pull one copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell. The result is two genetically identical daughter nuclei. The cell may then divide by cytokinesis to produce two daughter cells. Producing three or more daughter cells instead of normal two is a mitotic error called tripolar mitosis or multipolar mitosis (direct cell triplication / multiplication). Other errors during mitosis can induce apoptosis (programmed cell death) or cause mutations. Certain types of cancer can arise from such mutations.Mitosis occurs only in eukaryotic cells and the process varies in different organisms. For example, animals undergo an ""open"" mitosis, where the nuclear envelope breaks down before the chromosomes separate, while fungi undergo a ""closed"" mitosis, where chromosomes divide within an intact cell nucleus. Furthermore, most animal cells undergo a shape change, known as mitotic cell rounding, to adopt a near spherical morphology at the start of mitosis. Prokaryotic cells, which lack a nucleus, divide by a different process called binary fission.