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Definition of the word `Drug`: Drugs are chemicals that prevent
Definition of the word `Drug`: Drugs are chemicals that prevent

...  Definition of the word ‘Drug’: Drugs are chemicals that prevent disease or assist in restoring health to diseased individuals  Langley and Ehrlich’s receptor hypothesis ¾ 100 years ago, Langley rationalized why only certain molecules produced a specific therapeutic response … certain cells contai ...
REFERENCES
REFERENCES

... Linezolid: safety and efficacy monitoring To the Editors: We read with interest the recent European Respiratory Journal article by SINGLA et al. [1], which described the treatment outcome of 29 (pre-)extensively drug-resistant (XDR) tuberculosis (TB) patients from Delhi, India. All patients received ...
Procedure for Alcohol and Drugs Intoxication
Procedure for Alcohol and Drugs Intoxication

... 5.2.1 While substances of misuse originate from wide and varied sources, the majority fall into one of two categories, i.e., Central Nervous System (CNS) depressants or stimulants. These are described in detail within the AACE National Clinical Guidelines – „Overdose and Poisoning‟ (Adults & Childre ...
Drug Interactions in Cancer Patients Requiring
Drug Interactions in Cancer Patients Requiring

... phenotypes: ultrarapid metabolizers (UM), extensive metabolizers (EM), intermediate metabolizers (IM), and poor metabolizers (PM).35 As we can infer, CYP2D6 plays an enormous role in the activation or inaction of several opioids used in pain management.36 Patients who are classified as UM will have ...
A grand challenge for nutrigenomics
A grand challenge for nutrigenomics

... nutrition seem to be an ideal complex system in which to apply the knowledge and methods of genetics and genomics. Diet is perhaps the most important environmental factor we are exposed to. Nutritional factors are thought to be the cause of 30–60% of cancers (similar in magnitude to smoking; Doll, 1 ...
Psychoactive medications (Antipsychotics)
Psychoactive medications (Antipsychotics)

... for DIGOXIN to reach STEADY STATE LEVELS. It takes approximately ~8 days for DIGOXIN to be COMPLETELY ELIMINATED from the system. ...
Practical Principals of Inpatient Opioid Pain Management
Practical Principals of Inpatient Opioid Pain Management

... • CONS  Time to administration can take 30-60 min depending on staff  Leads to coverage gaps, poorly controlled pain  Makes patient’s feel dependent, disempowered, or “seeking”  Creates nursing-patient tension => increased nursing stress ...
1) Food Affecting Drugs - Weatherford High School
1) Food Affecting Drugs - Weatherford High School

... numerous agents including cholesterol and steroids. Additionally, these enzymes are necessary for the detoxification of foreign chemicals and the metabolism of drugs. CYP450 enzymes are so named because they are bound to ER and contain a heme pigment (chrome and P) that absorbs light at a wavelength ...
clinical trials
clinical trials

... CLINICAL TRIALS The institutional review board, usually made up of physicians, statisticians, community advocates and lay people, examines the study’s protocols to ensure that the patients’ rights are protected and that the study does not present an undue or unnecessary risk to the patients. There ...
Neurotransmitter Receptors - VCC Library
Neurotransmitter Receptors - VCC Library

... Below are examples of two neurotransmitters and their different receptors that are particularly important for pharmacology. The effect of an agonist binding is described, and the main locations for these receptors are indicated in bold. Knowing the effects of each receptor agonist will help you fig ...
Drugs used in Treatment - Infertility Network UK
Drugs used in Treatment - Infertility Network UK

... by the manufactures that help with administration. MERIONAL HP - A similar product to Menopur GONAL F – A recombinant FSH which is injected subcutaneously, and comes ready prepared, in a multidose administrator by use of an injection pen. It is administered by mass (weight) rather than as ‘internati ...
Human Genome PPT 2013
Human Genome PPT 2013

... Copy this pedigree on to the paper. Label each person on the pedigree with his or her phenotype: normal (N) or albino (A). Write down HOW you would analyze the pattern of inheritance of the albinism trait and describe how you will use your analysis to infer the genotype of as many individuals as pos ...
Modafinil - NHS Trafford CCG
Modafinil - NHS Trafford CCG

... Individual consideration of each case between consultant and GP GPs will receive detailed information from the hospital team on the required prescription changes and any relevant details concerning the patient’s condition. 6. Summary of cautions, contra indications, side-effects For full details ref ...
The Drug development process
The Drug development process

... (transcribed) and, hence, which are functionally active at any given time/under any given circumstances. • For example, if a particular mRNA is only produced by a cancer cell, that mRNA (or, more commonly, its polypeptide product) may represent a good target for a novel anti-cancer drug. • Standard ...
NCSBN Practice Knowledge Network Call: Off
NCSBN Practice Knowledge Network Call: Off

...  Off-Label uses include treatment of ADHD, medication related somnolence, sleep deprivation, and Steinert myotonic dystrophy syndrome.  Patients diagnosed with ADHD have several FDA approved safe and effective treatment options and use of modafinil would not provide any other safety or efficacy be ...
Drugs and their Effects by Class
Drugs and their Effects by Class

... volunteers, single doses of methadone will impair driving ability. Studies of long-term methadone maintenance patients have shown appropriately administered methadone doses do not cause significant psychomotor or cognitive impairment when administered regularly and when the subject abstains from all ...
registration form
registration form

... A. I understand that increasing my dose without the close supervision of my physician could lead to drug overdose causing severe sedation and respiratory depression, or even death. B. I understand that decreasing or stopping my medication without the close supervision of my physician can lead to wit ...
Oral Sedation Consent Form
Oral Sedation Consent Form

... anesthesia plan may be changed. I also understand that certain potential complications may result from the use of any anesthetic agent and may included respiratory depression, drug reaction, paralysis, cardiac arrest, brain damage or even death. Other recognized risks that may result from the genera ...
G - bellevuebiology
G - bellevuebiology

... (neither helpful nor harmful) – Very, very few mutations produce genes that are advantageous ...
Genetics Study Guide (Chapter 5)
Genetics Study Guide (Chapter 5)

... structure and function of the organism.[Clarification Statement: Emphasis is on conceptual understanding that changes in genetic material may result in making different proteins.] [Assessment Boundary: Assessment does not include specific changes at the molecular level, mechanisms for protein synthe ...
Cutaneous Reactions to Drugs
Cutaneous Reactions to Drugs

... encompass a wide variety of presentations, ranging from the classic features of large, tense bullae arising from an erythematous, urticarial base, with moderate involvement of the oral cavity, through mild forms with few bullous lesions, or scarring plaques and nodules with bullae. In contrast to th ...
Genetics and Heredity Study Guide
Genetics and Heredity Study Guide

... homozygous heterozygous codominance multiple alleles carrier genetic disorder Cystic Fibrosis Sickle-Cell Disease Hemophilia Down Syndrome Pedigree Karyotype ...
Technical Paper III - Pharmacy - Bhutan Civil Service Examinations
Technical Paper III - Pharmacy - Bhutan Civil Service Examinations

... 3. In a hospital pharmacy, which of the following is the most effective strategy to enhance safety and minimize the incidence of interpretation errors associated with verbal medication orders? a) use of bar code technology on medication orders b) requirement for a read-back to the prescriber of all ...
the problem of translating academic discovery to drug
the problem of translating academic discovery to drug

... The problem: biotech/pharma scientists have found it difficult to reproduce published work from academic groups Prinz et al (2011) Believe it or not: how much can we rely on published data on potential drug targets? Nat Rev Drug Discovery 10:712 [Bayer] Begley & Ellis (2012) Drug development: raise ...
Dr. Michael Sinz zpresentation
Dr. Michael Sinz zpresentation

... • Drug interactions are of great concern to both the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. • Major drug interactions are caused by either inhibition or induction of drug metabolizing enzymes. • Models provide numbers that must be placed in context with multiple factors: – therapeutic area ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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