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Chapter 6
Chapter 6

... the principle, allele frequencies in a population will remain constant in succeeding generations unless acted upon by outside forces. • The total of the allele frequencies, p and q, for one gene always equals 1.00, or 100 percent of the alleles. A change in the allele frequencies over time indicates ...
The Beginnings: Laboratory and Animal Studies: From Test Tube to
The Beginnings: Laboratory and Animal Studies: From Test Tube to

... stubborn scientist keeps looking and finds a usable compound after others had given up. In other cases, compounds may be put aside because they failed to work on one disease, only to be taken off the shelf years later and found to work on another. Such was the case with Retrovir (zidovudine, also kn ...
Putting genes into pathways
Putting genes into pathways

... inhibits or activates a downstream target, and other valuable information, but to really figure out how things work on a mechanistic level usually requires identification of the proteins encoded by the relevant genes. This generally requires the position of the gene to be mapped (narrowed down to a ...
Power Point - New Mexico Pharmacists Association
Power Point - New Mexico Pharmacists Association

... risk of drug side effects. • List 3 basic principles of prescribing medications for older adults. • List 3 common medications on the 2015 Beers’ criteria that are potentially inappropriate in an older adult. ...
How To Get Comfortable With Prescription Oral Medications How To
How To Get Comfortable With Prescription Oral Medications How To

... the few you will be using  Know your patient and ask the right questions  Don’t memorize dosages – look them up  Clinical experience is key ...
Betahistine.2HCl 16, tablets 16 mg 1.3 1.3.1 : SmPC, Labelling and
Betahistine.2HCl 16, tablets 16 mg 1.3 1.3.1 : SmPC, Labelling and

... studies specifically designed to investigate the ability to drive and use machines betahistine had no or negligible effects. ...
Drug Slides Ch. 3
Drug Slides Ch. 3

... tolerance. If sensitized, you would have the same response to a lower dose of a drug as you initially did to the original higher dose  Cross-tolerance: Development of tolerance to one drug causes tolerance to related drugs. This may be due to altered metabolism resulting from chronic drug use. (usu ...
Evolution of Populations
Evolution of Populations

Screening for Long QT
Screening for Long QT

... Resting Electrocardiogram: The ECG will detect some people who have the Long QT Syndrome. However, sometimes the resting ECG is not able to diagnose LQTS. In this case, doing serial ECG’s (more than 1 ECG in a row on different days) or ECG’s on other family members (parents, siblings) will help to d ...
MONTEFIORE HEART FAILURE DISEASE MANAGEMENT
MONTEFIORE HEART FAILURE DISEASE MANAGEMENT

... ACE Inhibitors (ACEI) can alleviate symptoms, improve clinical status, and enhance the overall sense of well-being of patients with heart failure. Because of their favorable effects on survival, ACE inhibitors should be prescribed to ALL patients with heart failure, especially those with LVEF ≤ 40%. ...
Rational Use of Drugs - International Journal of Biomedicine
Rational Use of Drugs - International Journal of Biomedicine

Opiod therapy for pain
Opiod therapy for pain

... Start at the lowest dose, 12 mcg/hr, in an opioid naïve patient; there is no maximum dose. Therapeutic blood levels are not reached for 13-24 hours after patch application and drug will be continue to be released into the blood for at least 24 hours after patch removal. Opioid withdrawal symptoms ca ...
Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Address Bioactivation Liabilities in
Medicinal Chemistry Strategies to Address Bioactivation Liabilities in

... panel recommended lowering that amount to 625 milligrams. The current maximum total daily dose is 4 grams; the panel recommended reducing that as well, to 3.25 grams or less.” “People vary in their responses, so it's hard to say what an overdose is for any particular individual. Poison control exper ...
Treatments
Treatments

... Particularly with the older medications, there are likely to be adverse effects if the AED reduction is not done very slowly Choose another appropriate first line drug and again “start low and go slow” ...
06. Legal Implications in Nursing Documentation
06. Legal Implications in Nursing Documentation

... patient’s self-assessment of intensity of pain and pain goals. • Initial and ongoing reassessment of pain: • Intensity per pain scale, location, character, frequency, pattern, onset and duration, alleviating and aggravating factors, current pain interventions and effectiveness, and acceptable level ...
Historical Genetics George Mendel Mendel`s Experiment
Historical Genetics George Mendel Mendel`s Experiment

... Genes: A heredity factors found on chromosomes Alleles: Two genes associated with a specific characteristic. – Each allele is located on a homologous chromosome ...
Psychoactive Drugs
Psychoactive Drugs

... PART ONE ...
Document
Document

... Numerous case studies of specific drugs • Terbutaline (approved by the FDA in 1974) for asthma • Glipizide (1984) for diabetes • Sumatriptan and rizatriptan (1992 and 1998, respectively) for migraines. However, it is difficult to estimate from case studies the average or aggregate effect of new drug ...
that evolution would not occur
that evolution would not occur

... population was large, say 10, 000, you would expect 200 frogs to carry the allele. If severe weather conditions caused 50% of them to die, then you would expect 100 of 500 surviving frogs to carry the allele. But in this case the species is endangered and there are only 100 frogs. In this case only ...
KEY CONCEPTS IN ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT
KEY CONCEPTS IN ACUTE PAIN MANAGEMENT

... – Large genetic variability in expression ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... population was large, say 10, 000, you would expect 200 frogs to carry the allele. If severe weather conditions caused 50% of them to die, then you would expect 100 of 500 surviving frogs to carry the allele. But in this case the species is endangered and there are only 100 frogs. In this case only ...
document
document

... HUMAN GENOME The last fear - cloning Oxford dictionary: an animal or a human being which will develop from one somatic cell of a parent and is genetically identical with the donor parent. Question without answers (yet): ...
Antibiotic interactions: Answers to 4 common questions
Antibiotic interactions: Answers to 4 common questions

... that provide fertile ground for drug interactions with these antibiotics. And, of course, lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption are a consideration when any prescription is written. As pharmacists, we find that certain questions about antibiotic prescribing and interactions come up with freq ...
SCP Modafinil April 2014
SCP Modafinil April 2014

... Contra-indications (click for details in SPC)  Hypersensitivity to the active substance or to any of the excipients.  Uncontrolled moderate to severe hypertension and in patients with cardiac arrhythmias. Special warnings and precautions for use (click for details in SPC)  An ECG is recommended ...
Prescription Drug Abuse - Henry Ford Health System
Prescription Drug Abuse - Henry Ford Health System

... acetaminophen to warn of the risk of liver damage. effective April 2010. • “Liver warning: Severe liver damage may occur if you take • more than 4,000 mg of acetaminophen in 24 hours • with other drugs containing acetaminophen • 3 or more alcoholic drinks every day while using this product.” ...
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Pharmacogenomics

Pharmacogenomics (a portmanteau of pharmacology and genomics) is the study of the role of genetics in drug response. It deals with the influence of acquired and inherited genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with drug absorption, distribution, metabolism and elimination, as well as drug receptor target effects. The term pharmacogenomics is often used interchangeably with pharmacogenetics. Although both terms relate to drug response based on genetic influences, pharmacogenetics focuses on single drug-gene interactions, while pharmacogenomics encompasses a more genome-wide association approach, incorporating genomics and epigenetics while dealing with the effects of multiple genes on drug response.Pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with minimal adverse effects. Through the utilization of pharmacogenomics, it is hoped that drug treatments can deviate from what is dubbed as the “one-dose-fits-all” approach. It attempts to eliminate the trial-and-error method of prescribing, allowing physicians to take into consideration their patient’s genes, the functionality of these genes, and how this may affect the efficacy of the patient’s current and/or future treatments (and where applicable, provide an explanation for the failure of past treatments). Such approaches promise the advent of ""personalized medicine""; in which drugs and drug combinations are optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup. Whether used to explain a patient’s response or lack thereof to a treatment, or act as a predictive tool, it hopes to achieve better treatment outcomes, greater efficacy, minimization of the occurrence of drug toxicities and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). For patients who have lack of therapeutic response to a treatment, alternative therapies can be prescribed that would best suit their requirements. In order to provide pharmacogenomic-based recommendations for a given drug, two possible types of input can be used: genotyping or exome or whole genome sequencing. Sequencing provides many more data points, including detection of mutations that prematurely terminate the synthesized protein (early stop codon).
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