measuring seed dispersal - (CRSSA), Rutgers University
... Forested ecosystems have been commonly used to study LDD. Generally, it is predicted that a change in the disturbance regime that increases the number of patches (and light and nutrient availability) can increase not only the density of seedlings, but also the local range of a population. Seeds prod ...
... Forested ecosystems have been commonly used to study LDD. Generally, it is predicted that a change in the disturbance regime that increases the number of patches (and light and nutrient availability) can increase not only the density of seedlings, but also the local range of a population. Seeds prod ...
Ground Work: Basic Concepts of Ecological Restoration
... migratory animals, all habitats used during the species’ life cycle must be in place, or the restoration will fail. The burrowing owl is a classic example. Great efforts (both in British Columbia and on the Prairies) have been made to preserve, maintain, and even enhance the breeding habitat of this ...
... migratory animals, all habitats used during the species’ life cycle must be in place, or the restoration will fail. The burrowing owl is a classic example. Great efforts (both in British Columbia and on the Prairies) have been made to preserve, maintain, and even enhance the breeding habitat of this ...
EVPP 111 Lecture - Biomes
... • amount of solar heat • global atmospheric circulation 4 together these factors dictate local climate – two most important climatic factors are • precipitation • temperature ...
... • amount of solar heat • global atmospheric circulation 4 together these factors dictate local climate – two most important climatic factors are • precipitation • temperature ...
Unit 16: Understanding Aquatic Ecosystems
... Whichever delivery methods are used, it is essential that tutors stress the importance of animal welfare, sound environmental management and the need to manage the resource using legal methods. Health and safety issues relating to working in and around water must be stressed and reinforced regularly ...
... Whichever delivery methods are used, it is essential that tutors stress the importance of animal welfare, sound environmental management and the need to manage the resource using legal methods. Health and safety issues relating to working in and around water must be stressed and reinforced regularly ...
Curriculum Vitae - Population Genetics and Bioinformatics
... my goal is to obtain insights into the evolutionary forces that shape biodiversity. Biodiversity is organized at levels, forming a hierarchy: First, within a population, at the lowest level, alternative alleles affect the phenotypic traits. Genes form regulatory networks orchestrating their expressi ...
... my goal is to obtain insights into the evolutionary forces that shape biodiversity. Biodiversity is organized at levels, forming a hierarchy: First, within a population, at the lowest level, alternative alleles affect the phenotypic traits. Genes form regulatory networks orchestrating their expressi ...
Biology, 8e (Campbell) Chapter 22 Descent with Modification: A
... B) The formation of the Grand Canyon by the Colorado River over millions of years C) The gradual deposition of sediments many kilometers thick on the floors of seas and oceans D) The sudden demise of the dinosaurs, and various other groups, by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body with Earth E ...
... B) The formation of the Grand Canyon by the Colorado River over millions of years C) The gradual deposition of sediments many kilometers thick on the floors of seas and oceans D) The sudden demise of the dinosaurs, and various other groups, by the impact of a large extraterrestrial body with Earth E ...
Key questions in the genetics and genomics of eco
... additive genetic variance in fitness-related traits, and therefore should be able to evolve when exposed to altered selection pressures. However, the amount of this variation differs among populations and species, such that the rate of evolution in response to a given selective pressure will be high ...
... additive genetic variance in fitness-related traits, and therefore should be able to evolve when exposed to altered selection pressures. However, the amount of this variation differs among populations and species, such that the rate of evolution in response to a given selective pressure will be high ...
Chapter 37 - Cloudfront.net
... • Only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is available to the next level – Pyramid of production shows loss of energy from producers to higher trophic levels – Amount of energy available to top-level consumers is relatively small • Most food chains have only three to five ...
... • Only about 10% of the energy stored at each trophic level is available to the next level – Pyramid of production shows loss of energy from producers to higher trophic levels – Amount of energy available to top-level consumers is relatively small • Most food chains have only three to five ...
Descent with Modification: A Darwinian View of Life
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
... 8. Explain what Darwin meant by “descent with modification.” 9. Explain what evidence convinced Darwin that species change over time. 10. Explain how Linnaeus’ classification scheme fit Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection. 11. Describe the three inferences Darwin made from his observat ...
Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology
... merely with its presence as any new organism added to the resident community; thus its impact may be derived through its density, size, fitness, or longevity (attributes that are relevant to measure for all invasions). In the first example, the organism's genetic identity is important (only the lionfis ...
... merely with its presence as any new organism added to the resident community; thus its impact may be derived through its density, size, fitness, or longevity (attributes that are relevant to measure for all invasions). In the first example, the organism's genetic identity is important (only the lionfis ...
Malthus and Darwin - an ecological perspective
... potential number of elephants, the slowest breeding organisms he could think of, and concluded that within 500 years, one single pair of elephants could have 15 million descendants. “A ...
... potential number of elephants, the slowest breeding organisms he could think of, and concluded that within 500 years, one single pair of elephants could have 15 million descendants. “A ...
Full text in pdf format
... degree to which the pollution affects economically important populations, such as those supporting commercial and recreational fisheries, although some decisions on pollution will be based on risks to human health, or in some instances on maintaining species diversity. Nevertheless, the issue of how ...
... degree to which the pollution affects economically important populations, such as those supporting commercial and recreational fisheries, although some decisions on pollution will be based on risks to human health, or in some instances on maintaining species diversity. Nevertheless, the issue of how ...
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... The outer layer of the planet Earth can be divided into several compartments: the hydrosphere (or sphere of water), the lithosphere (or sphere of soils and rocks), and the atmosphere (or sphere of the air). The biosphere (or sphere of life), sometimes described as "the fourth envelope", is all livin ...
... The outer layer of the planet Earth can be divided into several compartments: the hydrosphere (or sphere of water), the lithosphere (or sphere of soils and rocks), and the atmosphere (or sphere of the air). The biosphere (or sphere of life), sometimes described as "the fourth envelope", is all livin ...
Spider, bee, and bird communities in cities are shaped by
... Species composition in the close-knit urban matrix may be influenced by the availability of many, often fine-scaled habitat types (e.g., trees, meadow, bushes, ornamental plants, gardens, lawns, etc.), built structures (buildings, sealed areas), regional effects, topography, climate (Urban Heat Island ...
... Species composition in the close-knit urban matrix may be influenced by the availability of many, often fine-scaled habitat types (e.g., trees, meadow, bushes, ornamental plants, gardens, lawns, etc.), built structures (buildings, sealed areas), regional effects, topography, climate (Urban Heat Island ...
Adaptation in Natural Microbial Populations
... The key starting point for the study of ecological and evolutionary processes in the microbial world is a clear understanding of microbial fitness. This understanding is no small feat, however, as bacterial lifespan and reproduction can be influenced by temperature, nutrient availability, and stress ...
... The key starting point for the study of ecological and evolutionary processes in the microbial world is a clear understanding of microbial fitness. This understanding is no small feat, however, as bacterial lifespan and reproduction can be influenced by temperature, nutrient availability, and stress ...
Conceptual Barriers to Progress Within Evolutionary Biology
... The niche construction perspective differs from the conventional perspective in recognizing two major adaptive processes in evolution, natural selection and niche construction. The perspective also recognizes two general forms of inheritance in evolution, genetic and ecological inheritance. There ar ...
... The niche construction perspective differs from the conventional perspective in recognizing two major adaptive processes in evolution, natural selection and niche construction. The perspective also recognizes two general forms of inheritance in evolution, genetic and ecological inheritance. There ar ...
Facilitative or competitive effects of woody plants on understorey
... To identify studies reporting effects of woody species on understorey productivity, we searched the ISI Web of Knowledge data base (1945– 2012) using a combination of the keywords: ‘tree’, ‘woody’, ‘shrub’, ‘bush’, ‘encroachment’, ‘thickening’, ‘biomass’, ‘productivity’ and ‘dry matter’. We also con ...
... To identify studies reporting effects of woody species on understorey productivity, we searched the ISI Web of Knowledge data base (1945– 2012) using a combination of the keywords: ‘tree’, ‘woody’, ‘shrub’, ‘bush’, ‘encroachment’, ‘thickening’, ‘biomass’, ‘productivity’ and ‘dry matter’. We also con ...
as a PDF
... and diversity should correlate with nutrient availability and net primary productivity, revealing a humped relationship with log substrate age (‘resource hypothesis’). Alternatively, (2) if accumulated speciation and biogeographical effects determine community structure, then local arthropod variabl ...
... and diversity should correlate with nutrient availability and net primary productivity, revealing a humped relationship with log substrate age (‘resource hypothesis’). Alternatively, (2) if accumulated speciation and biogeographical effects determine community structure, then local arthropod variabl ...
The Effects of Spatial Scale on Trophic Interactions
... the local resource population, as the dynamics of the consumers depend on a multitude of resource populations in space. Apparent competition may lead to overexploitation and even depletion of one of the local resource populations, as the consumer is subsidized by other populations (Holt 1977). Carry ...
... the local resource population, as the dynamics of the consumers depend on a multitude of resource populations in space. Apparent competition may lead to overexploitation and even depletion of one of the local resource populations, as the consumer is subsidized by other populations (Holt 1977). Carry ...
Trophic Ecology: Bottom-Up and Top
... (del Giorgio and Cole, 1998; Manzoni et al., 2012). These patterns imply that decomposers may release more nutrients during decomposition of similar substrates under warmer or under more nutrient-poor conditions. ...
... (del Giorgio and Cole, 1998; Manzoni et al., 2012). These patterns imply that decomposers may release more nutrients during decomposition of similar substrates under warmer or under more nutrient-poor conditions. ...
Centipede, Giant (S)
... Density records of this species were not found, but Lewis (1972) recorded a high population density of the related species S. amazonia in Sahel savanna in Nigeria. They are terrestrial and solitary, except for females when they are carrying eggs or young (Lewis, 1981). Most centipedes have a lifespa ...
... Density records of this species were not found, but Lewis (1972) recorded a high population density of the related species S. amazonia in Sahel savanna in Nigeria. They are terrestrial and solitary, except for females when they are carrying eggs or young (Lewis, 1981). Most centipedes have a lifespa ...
Ecological Significance of Within- Species Leaf Trait Variability: A
... manner that is analogous to the functional trait of an individual reflecting the individual’s resource use. Understanding how different components of functional diversity change with environmental conditions is an essential step in trait-based ecology as it helps shed light on patterns of community ...
... manner that is analogous to the functional trait of an individual reflecting the individual’s resource use. Understanding how different components of functional diversity change with environmental conditions is an essential step in trait-based ecology as it helps shed light on patterns of community ...
Using constraint lines to characterize plant
... have samples (stands) of plants growing under identical trajectory described by three population over three hypothetical time steps as plants increase in size and decrease in density conditions of resource limitation, except for their initial during the thinning process. Individuals growing in non-c ...
... have samples (stands) of plants growing under identical trajectory described by three population over three hypothetical time steps as plants increase in size and decrease in density conditions of resource limitation, except for their initial during the thinning process. Individuals growing in non-c ...
Life Science HS - Standards Aligned System
... evidence about the effects of natural and human disturbances and biological or physical disturbances in terms of the time needed to reestablish a stable ecosystem and how the new system differs from the original system. ...
... evidence about the effects of natural and human disturbances and biological or physical disturbances in terms of the time needed to reestablish a stable ecosystem and how the new system differs from the original system. ...
Ecology
Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, ""house""; -λογία, ""study of"") is the scientific analysis and study of interactions among organisms and their environment. It is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. Ecology includes the study of interactions organisms have with each other, other organisms, and with abiotic components of their environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), and number (population) of particular organisms; as well as cooperation and competition between organisms, both within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services.Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An important focus for ecologists is to improve the understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function. Ecologists seek to explain: Life processes, interactions and adaptations The movement of materials and energy through living communities The successional development of ecosystems The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). For example, the Circles of Sustainability approach treats ecology as more than the environment 'out there'. It is not treated as separate from humans. Organisms (including humans) and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and non-living (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.The word ""ecology"" (""Ökologie"") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ecological thought is derivative of established currents in philosophy, particularly from ethics and politics. Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology became a much more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts relating to adaptation and natural selection became the cornerstones of modern ecological theory.