isolation and characterization of membranes from the cells of maize
... and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and various cytoplasmic vesicles (Northcote, 1971, 1974). Some of the components of the system are joined by structural connexions and they all have a functional continuity in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (Morr6 & Ovtracht, 1977 ...
... and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, plasma membrane and various cytoplasmic vesicles (Northcote, 1971, 1974). Some of the components of the system are joined by structural connexions and they all have a functional continuity in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells (Morr6 & Ovtracht, 1977 ...
Quantification of Type VI secretion system activity in macrophages
... outer sheath VipA- and VipB-like proteins (Bonemann et al., 2009). In turn, proteins ...
... outer sheath VipA- and VipB-like proteins (Bonemann et al., 2009). In turn, proteins ...
univERsity oF copEnhAGEn
... network. GO also possesses oxygen as a significant chemical component (approximately 30% (w/v)) in the form of oxide functional groups, which can be mainly classed as either alcohols or epoxides [17]. This results in GO having partial hydrophilic properties, unlike pG [8,18]. rGO is quite different ...
... network. GO also possesses oxygen as a significant chemical component (approximately 30% (w/v)) in the form of oxide functional groups, which can be mainly classed as either alcohols or epoxides [17]. This results in GO having partial hydrophilic properties, unlike pG [8,18]. rGO is quite different ...
Actin branching in the initiation and maintenance of lamellipodia
... negative staining (negative stain ET). Fig.1A-F shows an example of correlated live cell imaging and electron tomography of a cell in which a lamellipodium, extending beneath a retracting ruffle, protruded continuously at 2µm/min up to the point of fixation (black arrows Fig.1D, E and supplementary ...
... negative staining (negative stain ET). Fig.1A-F shows an example of correlated live cell imaging and electron tomography of a cell in which a lamellipodium, extending beneath a retracting ruffle, protruded continuously at 2µm/min up to the point of fixation (black arrows Fig.1D, E and supplementary ...
Coordination of peptidoglycan synthesis and outer membrane
... controlled to ensure that the cell does not burst open at any point. Some bacteria known as ‘Gram-negative’ bacteria have a second membrane on the other side of the cell wall. These cells divide in the same way as other bacteria, but the need to coordinate the movement of three structures instead of ...
... controlled to ensure that the cell does not burst open at any point. Some bacteria known as ‘Gram-negative’ bacteria have a second membrane on the other side of the cell wall. These cells divide in the same way as other bacteria, but the need to coordinate the movement of three structures instead of ...
Cleavage furrow formation and ingression during animal cytokinesis
... observed in the zyg-9 and tac-1 mutants described above. Finally, if this hypothesis is correct, then one would expect that, if the centrosomes separate farther, multiple or ectopic furrows should form, as observed in microtubule depolymerization experiments. This does not seem to be the case. For e ...
... observed in the zyg-9 and tac-1 mutants described above. Finally, if this hypothesis is correct, then one would expect that, if the centrosomes separate farther, multiple or ectopic furrows should form, as observed in microtubule depolymerization experiments. This does not seem to be the case. For e ...
FtsZ - Cytoskeleton, Inc.
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
... cell division. FtsZ inactivation inhibits cell division, making them attractive targets for novel anti-microbial drugs. Although FtsZ proteins exhibit a degree of homology, inhibitors of the proteins show differential affinities and efficacies. Thus, improved targeting can be achieved by screening s ...
Effects of Organic Cations on the Gram-negative Cell
... HAPS, which is regarded as the actual lethal agent in the bactericidal system through its presumed effect on the cytoplasmic membrane (see Hotchkiss, 1946; Salton, 1g51), could be replaced by other zwitterionic agents such as betaines, or by cationic quaternary ammonium compounds. Many of the latter ...
... HAPS, which is regarded as the actual lethal agent in the bactericidal system through its presumed effect on the cytoplasmic membrane (see Hotchkiss, 1946; Salton, 1g51), could be replaced by other zwitterionic agents such as betaines, or by cationic quaternary ammonium compounds. Many of the latter ...
Bugging the cell wall of bacteria
... to allow cell growth and division. In Gram-positive bacteria, a dense peptidoglycan cell wall up to 40 layers thick (20-80 nm) is present at the cell’s exterior. Other major constituents of the Gram-positive cell wall are teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids and cell wall proteins bound either covalen ...
... to allow cell growth and division. In Gram-positive bacteria, a dense peptidoglycan cell wall up to 40 layers thick (20-80 nm) is present at the cell’s exterior. Other major constituents of the Gram-positive cell wall are teichoic acids, lipoteichoic acids and cell wall proteins bound either covalen ...
Phospholipid Class and Fatty Acid Composition of Golgi Apparatus
... fraction. Overall, sphingomyelin of Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane contained the highest percentage of saturated acids. Phosphatidylserine of endoplasmic reticulum contained the largest percentage of unsaturated acids, with 7 5 z of the total acids being unsaturated. The major unsaturated acids ...
... fraction. Overall, sphingomyelin of Golgi apparatus and plasma membrane contained the highest percentage of saturated acids. Phosphatidylserine of endoplasmic reticulum contained the largest percentage of unsaturated acids, with 7 5 z of the total acids being unsaturated. The major unsaturated acids ...
PDF
... n=137) looping defects (Fig. 1E). Injection of 3-OST-5 MOresistant ‘rescue’ mRNA alone did not alter heart and gut orientation (4% and 5%, respectively, n=171; Fig. 1E). The similar phenotype seen with two distinct morpholinos and the ability to rescue the phenotype indicate that these effects are s ...
... n=137) looping defects (Fig. 1E). Injection of 3-OST-5 MOresistant ‘rescue’ mRNA alone did not alter heart and gut orientation (4% and 5%, respectively, n=171; Fig. 1E). The similar phenotype seen with two distinct morpholinos and the ability to rescue the phenotype indicate that these effects are s ...
Slow axonal transport and the genesis of neuronal morphology
... transport model was that it appeared to demand motor proteins with much slower rates than any known class of motor protein. This was particularly worrisome because the motors that move cytoskeletal polymers must be abundant along the length of the axon, and it seemed increasingly unlikely over the y ...
... transport model was that it appeared to demand motor proteins with much slower rates than any known class of motor protein. This was particularly worrisome because the motors that move cytoskeletal polymers must be abundant along the length of the axon, and it seemed increasingly unlikely over the y ...
Fungi represent a group of heterotrophic living organisms which are
... Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) These are an artificial assemblage of fungi for which only the asexually reproducing state is known. This may be because the sexual phase has not been discovered as yet, or has been lost in the course of evolution. The economically important fungi, such as Penicilliu ...
... Deuteromycota (Fungi Imperfecti) These are an artificial assemblage of fungi for which only the asexually reproducing state is known. This may be because the sexual phase has not been discovered as yet, or has been lost in the course of evolution. The economically important fungi, such as Penicilliu ...
The Ecological Role of Type Three Secretion Systems in the
... et al., 2013). Remarkably, along with nutrition (glycerol) and access to new habitats [migration with the fungus Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten (Nazir et al., 2012)], Burkholderia terrae BS001 was shown to affect fungal physiology via inhibition of mushroom formation (Nazir et al., 2013c). During ano ...
... et al., 2013). Remarkably, along with nutrition (glycerol) and access to new habitats [migration with the fungus Lyophyllum sp. strain Karsten (Nazir et al., 2012)], Burkholderia terrae BS001 was shown to affect fungal physiology via inhibition of mushroom formation (Nazir et al., 2013c). During ano ...
Dissecting sterol function during clathrin-dependent
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
... lipid bilayer solvent that can interact with peripheral proteins (Simons and Sampaio, 2011). The lipid bilayer results from the self-association of the lipids hydrophobic moieties and the interaction of the hydrophilic moieties with aqueous environments. The same principle acts at the subcellular le ...
Aquatic Microbial Ecology 58:303
... could provide some evidence of such processes. Here, the abundance of Prochlorococcus (Appendix 1, Fig. A1), which is much more abundant in the oligotrophic environment (Partensky et al. 1999) and is normally negatively related to other picoplankton in biomass distribution (Zhang et al. 2008), incre ...
... could provide some evidence of such processes. Here, the abundance of Prochlorococcus (Appendix 1, Fig. A1), which is much more abundant in the oligotrophic environment (Partensky et al. 1999) and is normally negatively related to other picoplankton in biomass distribution (Zhang et al. 2008), incre ...
Fate of the bacterial cell envelope component, lipopolysaccharide
... bacteria might exist in a nonliving form within both the dissolved and particulate fractions in seawater. The transformation of the cell envelope components in bacterial cells into a nonliving dissolved form has been demonstrated, particularly focusing on constituents of peptidoglycan (Ogawa et al. ...
... bacteria might exist in a nonliving form within both the dissolved and particulate fractions in seawater. The transformation of the cell envelope components in bacterial cells into a nonliving dissolved form has been demonstrated, particularly focusing on constituents of peptidoglycan (Ogawa et al. ...
Caspary T, Larkins CE, Anderson KV. Dev Cell. 2007 May;12(5):767-78. The graded response to Sonic Hedgehog depends on cilia architecture.
... Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the cell to translate different levels of Shh ligand ...
... Arl13b protein is localized to cilia. Double mutant analysis indicates that Gli3 repressor activity is normal in hnn embryos, but Gli activators are constitutively active at low levels. Thus, normal structure of the ciliary axoneme is required for the cell to translate different levels of Shh ligand ...
Bacterial Endocytobionts within Endosymbiotic Ciliates in Dreissena
... that at least two types of bacteria (usually totaling more than 100 individuals) were present in each ciliate. Electron microscopy revealed that one type was rod-shaped, 1.5-2.0 x 0.3-0.5 µm. No host membrane was observed surrounding this type, but a clear space separated individual bacterial cells ...
... that at least two types of bacteria (usually totaling more than 100 individuals) were present in each ciliate. Electron microscopy revealed that one type was rod-shaped, 1.5-2.0 x 0.3-0.5 µm. No host membrane was observed surrounding this type, but a clear space separated individual bacterial cells ...
Role of lipids in the translocation of proteins across membranes
... bivalent cations Ca#+, Mg#+ and Sr#+ restores the growth of the mutant [45]. PG and cardiolipin form the main lipids of this mutant. The ratio between these lipids is dependent on the type of cation present during growth. Apparently, restoration of growth requires a specific lipid composition in com ...
... bivalent cations Ca#+, Mg#+ and Sr#+ restores the growth of the mutant [45]. PG and cardiolipin form the main lipids of this mutant. The ratio between these lipids is dependent on the type of cation present during growth. Apparently, restoration of growth requires a specific lipid composition in com ...
Introduction to Biology Pacing Guide
... Classify organisms into groups based on their unique characteristics (e.g., cell type, nutrition, reproductive methods, organism examples, etc.) and trace the evolutionary relationships among the groups. (DOK 2) ...
... Classify organisms into groups based on their unique characteristics (e.g., cell type, nutrition, reproductive methods, organism examples, etc.) and trace the evolutionary relationships among the groups. (DOK 2) ...
Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
... kill their algal prey using proteases. If proteases are indeed involved in algicidal activity, we hypothesize that phytoplankton cell-surface polysaccharides play a role in defense against algicidal bacteria by protecting the cell against proteolytic attack (see also: Azam and Smith 1991; Guerrini e ...
... kill their algal prey using proteases. If proteases are indeed involved in algicidal activity, we hypothesize that phytoplankton cell-surface polysaccharides play a role in defense against algicidal bacteria by protecting the cell against proteolytic attack (see also: Azam and Smith 1991; Guerrini e ...
Lipid Characterization of an Enriched Plasma Membrane
... membrane of Dunaliella must not only remain functional under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grow ...
... membrane of Dunaliella must not only remain functional under the high external concentrations of NaCl, but also maintain a permeability barrier against the high NaCl concentration outside of the cell. Indeed, internal Na+ concentrations of less than 100 mm have been reported in Dunaliella cells grow ...
Det här verket är upphovrättskyddat enligt Lagen (1960
... seems to exist a reabsorption by micropinocytosis. Thus, after injection of label into the follicle lumen in vivo the label can be detected in caveolae connected with the apical plasma membrane and in small vesicles in the apical cell region within a few minutes (38, 41). The recent observation on c ...
... seems to exist a reabsorption by micropinocytosis. Thus, after injection of label into the follicle lumen in vivo the label can be detected in caveolae connected with the apical plasma membrane and in small vesicles in the apical cell region within a few minutes (38, 41). The recent observation on c ...
Rapid Method For Transmission Electron Microscope Study Of
... were used in their studies are more complex and thicker compare to the bacteria that we used in this study. Therefore, the penetration and effects of the GA would be harsh for the bacteria, if they were exposed for a longer time as in the SMTEM. Even though the GA was exposed shorter time in the RMT ...
... were used in their studies are more complex and thicker compare to the bacteria that we used in this study. Therefore, the penetration and effects of the GA would be harsh for the bacteria, if they were exposed for a longer time as in the SMTEM. Even though the GA was exposed shorter time in the RMT ...
Flagellum
A flagellum (/fləˈdʒɛləm/; plural: flagella) is a lash-like appendage that protrudes from the cell body of certain prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The word flagellum in Latin means whip. The primary role of the flagellum is locomotion but it also often has function as a sensory organelle, being sensitive to chemicals and temperatures outside the cell. Flagella are organelles defined by function rather than structure. There are large differences between different types of flagella; the prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella differ greatly in protein composition, structure, and mechanism of propulsion. However, both are used for swimming.An example of a flagellate bacterium is the ulcer-causing Helicobacter pylori, which uses multiple flagella to propel itself through the mucus lining to reach the stomach epithelium. An example of a eukaryotic flagellate cell is the mammalian sperm cell, which uses its flagellum to propel itself through the female reproductive tract. Eukaryotic flagella are structurally identical to eukaryotic cilia, although distinctions are sometimes made according to function and/or length.