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Enzyme Structure
Enzyme Structure

... no catalyst, 62 kJ mol-1 with an inorganic catalyst of iron filings, and just 1 kJ mol -1 in the presence of the enzyme catalase. The activation energy is actually the energy required to form the transition state, so enzymes lower the activation energy by stabilising the transition state, and they d ...
Two-Metal-Ion Catalysis in Adenylyl Cyclase
Two-Metal-Ion Catalysis in Adenylyl Cyclase

... structure, ␤-L-2⬘,3⬘-dd-5⬘-ATP appears to bind as a complex with two metal ions. The first metal (metal A) is coordinated by the pro-R oxygen of the ␣ phosphate, a carboxylate oxygen from each of the invariant aspartic acid residues [Asp396 (D396) and D440], and a water molecule. The four ligands fo ...
Lh6Ch19bEtrans
Lh6Ch19bEtrans

... EOC Problem 17 Gets into the rate of ATP turnover in heart muscle…the muscle that always has to be “on”. EOC Problem 18 Gets into the same in insect flight muscle. ...
AnSc 5311 Ruminant Nutrition Microbial Fermentation of
AnSc 5311 Ruminant Nutrition Microbial Fermentation of

... These compounds are not lipid soluble, which further decreases the likelihood of entry into microbial cells in the absence of active or facilitated transport mechanisms ...
Excerpt from J.Mol.Biol.
Excerpt from J.Mol.Biol.

... structure. Side-chains for Leu248 and Leu249 are omitted for clarity. All potential hydrogen bonds to the pterin moiety are shown as dotted lines. The green model of BH4 illustrates its position in the binary Fe(II)·BH4 complex when superimposed on the ternary structure using conserved active-site r ...
Regulation of Glycolysis
Regulation of Glycolysis

... Because the principle function of glycolysis is to produce ATP, it must be regulated so that ATP is generated only when needed. The enzyme which controls the flux of metabolites through the glycolytic pathway is phosphofructokinase (PFK-1). PFK-1 is an allosteric enzyme that occupies the key regulat ...
Metabolism 2 PDF
Metabolism 2 PDF

... Cells have to regulate enzyme activity (control metabolism): ...
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video slide

... Cells have to regulate enzyme activity (control metabolism): ...
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and
SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIALS AND METHODS Ceramide and

... Synergy HT). Samples were normalized to total protein. A standard curve using known ATP concentrations was plotted to allow calculation of nmoles of ATP / mg protein. Measurement of free fatty acid and glycerol Assessment of fatty acid is through a coupled reaction involving acyl-CoA synthetase and ...
Name____________________________ Student number
Name____________________________ Student number

... •D) is twice the rate observed when the concentration of substrate is equal to the Km. E) is limited only by the amount of substrate supplied. 14. Both water and glucose share an —OH that can serve as a substrate for a reaction with the terminal phosphate of ATP catalyzed by hexokinase (my whippin' ...
Are You Getting It??
Are You Getting It??

... Are You Getting It?? ____________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________ Which characteristics are generally part of enzyme-substrate binding? (multiple answers) a) One enzyme can bind many different substrates. b) The substrate binds to many am ...
5-MGD Session 3, Lec 5, 2014
5-MGD Session 3, Lec 5, 2014

... How do enzymes work? Enzymes work by lowering the activation energy needed for a ...
AMPK and mTOR: Antagonist ATP Sensors
AMPK and mTOR: Antagonist ATP Sensors

... Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the body’s primary energy source. The molecule of ATP, referred to as a “high-energy phosphate”, is made up of adenine and ribose (adenosine) bonded to three phosphates (Pi- phosphorus and oxygen). The energy stored in ATP is held in the two outermost phosphate bonds. ...
Bioenergetics and Metabolism
Bioenergetics and Metabolism

... juice, your insulin levels increase due to elevated blood glucose causing activation of the insulin signaling pathway and stimulation of glucose uptake, glycogen synthesis, and an increase in glucose catabolism by the glycolytic pathway. ...
chapter 8 notes - 8.4 and 8.5 - APBio09-10
chapter 8 notes - 8.4 and 8.5 - APBio09-10

... ii. Ea is directly related to the difficulty of breaking the substrate’s bonds iii. Distorting the bonds helps the substrate approach transition and lowers the free energy requirements c. Provides a more conducive microenvironment i. I.E: An enzyme’s R group may have acidic amino acids, and thus the ...
01_Introduction. Structure, properties and biological functions
01_Introduction. Structure, properties and biological functions

... Koshland theory (induced-fit model) The process of substrate binding induces specific conformational changes in the the active site region ...
Electron-Transport Chain and ATP production
Electron-Transport Chain and ATP production

... Occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane where NADH and FADH2 are oxidized back to NAD+ and FAD. They transfer their e- in a series of steps and ultimately to O2: O2 + 4e- + 4H+ → 2H2O The energy released in these e- transfers is used to pump H+ (protons) out of the matrix into the intermembrane s ...
A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates
A glucose-responsive transcription factor that regulates

... to efficiently store nutrients as fat during periods of abundant food supply as a safeguard against periodic famine (1). Coupled with dramatic changes in modern lifestyle and food consumption, these ‘‘thrifty genes’’ may now contribute to health defects suffered by as many as half of the American po ...
Enzymes
Enzymes

... ◦ Lead poisoning  Lead forms covalent bonds with the sulfhydryl side chains of cysteine in proteins  The binding of the heavy metal shows non-competitive inhibition ...
Molecular Madness
Molecular Madness

... (Calvin Cycle) ...
Calvin Cycle
Calvin Cycle

...  Most plants, designated C3, fix CO2 initially via RuBP Carboxylase, yielding the 3-C 3-phosphoglycerate.  Plants designated C4 have one cell type in which phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is carboxylated via the enzyme PEP Carboxylase, to yield the 4-C oxaloacetate. Oxaloacetate is converted to other 4- ...
Decreased
Decreased

... Molecular Cell Biology ...
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES
Syllabus for BASIC METABOLIC PRINCIPLES

... step in the pathway and it is also the most common step where regulation occurs.  Thus the committed step  controls the overall flow of materials through a particular metabolic pathway.  In  many  cases  the  intermediates  in  a  metabolic  pathway  have  no  function  outside  of  their  roles  as ...
Transferase-catalyses transfer of a group from one molecule to
Transferase-catalyses transfer of a group from one molecule to

... first. The phenomenon of one active site being activated by an event happening elsewhere in the enzyme is called allosteric activation. So enzymes subunits cooperate each other to cause the full activation of the enzyme. In order to start this activation process certain concentration of substrate i ...
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two
Glossary of Key Terms in Chapter Two

... enzyme specificity (19.5) the ability of an enzyme to bind to only one, or a very few, substrates and thus catalyze only a single reaction. enzyme-substrate complex (19.4) a molecular aggregate formed when the substrate binds to the active site of the enzyme. feedback inhibition (19.9) when produced ...
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Luciferase



Luciferase is a generic term for the class of oxidative enzymes used in bioluminescence and is distinct from a photoprotein. The name is derived from Lucifer, the root of which means 'light-bearer' (lucem ferre). One example is the firefly luciferase (EC 1.13.12.7) from the firefly Photinus pyralis. ""Firefly luciferase"" as a laboratory reagent often refers to P. pyralis luciferase although recombinant luciferases from several other species of fireflies are also commercially available.
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