Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... not been supported (e.g., Reisenzein, 1983). For example, a number of researchers (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990; Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957; Russell, 1980) have suggested that emotion is best represented on a circumplex (two orthogonal axes). The first axis, commonly labeled the valence axi ...
... not been supported (e.g., Reisenzein, 1983). For example, a number of researchers (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990; Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957; Russell, 1980) have suggested that emotion is best represented on a circumplex (two orthogonal axes). The first axis, commonly labeled the valence axi ...
Molecular and anatomical signatures of sleep deprivation in the
... Sleep is necessary for normal neural function, including synaptic plasticity and homeostatic synaptic downscaling (reviewed in Tononi and Cirelli, 2006; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008). Sleep deprivation (SD) affects cognition, attention, memory, and emotional behaviors controlled by higher brain regions s ...
... Sleep is necessary for normal neural function, including synaptic plasticity and homeostatic synaptic downscaling (reviewed in Tononi and Cirelli, 2006; Vyazovskiy et al., 2008). Sleep deprivation (SD) affects cognition, attention, memory, and emotional behaviors controlled by higher brain regions s ...
Slide 1
... yelling, threatening, blocking an attack, fleeing, running, jumping out of the way, etc.). ...
... yelling, threatening, blocking an attack, fleeing, running, jumping out of the way, etc.). ...
Redgrave - people.vcu.edu
... of objects can be recorded in the inferotemporal cortex ~80–100 ms after stimulus onset. By this time many of the DA neurons have already begun to fire2, and it is not obvious by which route relevant information could be communicated rapidly from the temporal cortex to the ventral midbrain. Similarl ...
... of objects can be recorded in the inferotemporal cortex ~80–100 ms after stimulus onset. By this time many of the DA neurons have already begun to fire2, and it is not obvious by which route relevant information could be communicated rapidly from the temporal cortex to the ventral midbrain. Similarl ...
Optical Imaging of Neural Structure and Physiology: Confocal
... Over the past century, neuroanatomists have made tremendous strides toward mapping basic neuronal structure and connectivity, largely due to the extensive application of the Golgi technique (e.g., Ramón y Cajal, 1911). The Golgi stain generates a dense reaction product within most or all of the intr ...
... Over the past century, neuroanatomists have made tremendous strides toward mapping basic neuronal structure and connectivity, largely due to the extensive application of the Golgi technique (e.g., Ramón y Cajal, 1911). The Golgi stain generates a dense reaction product within most or all of the intr ...
Neuromodulation and cortical function: BEHAVIOURAL BRAIN
... densities, serial reconstruction of the varicosities of noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic and serotonergic neurons reveals that commonly over 80% are not associated with a clear postsynaptic density [60,61,206,207]. This paucity of direct synaptic contacts has led to the hypothesis that these ...
... densities, serial reconstruction of the varicosities of noradrenergic, dopaminergic, cholinergic and serotonergic neurons reveals that commonly over 80% are not associated with a clear postsynaptic density [60,61,206,207]. This paucity of direct synaptic contacts has led to the hypothesis that these ...
Anatomofunctional organization of the ventral primary motor and
... We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s eyes. We further che ...
... We first tested hand grasping in the proximity of the monkey’s body, with the arm corresponding to the tested hand restrained, in order to distinguish hand-related motor activity from possible responses due to arm movements; this test was also carried out by closing the monkey’s eyes. We further che ...
Chapter 2 - TC Online
... located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation – Thalamus: part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex processes some sensory information before send ...
... located under the cortex and involved in learning, emotion, memory, and motivation – Thalamus: part of the limbic system located in the center of the brain relays sensory information from the lower part of the brain to the proper areas of the cortex processes some sensory information before send ...
Topographic maps in human frontal and parietal cortex
... have recently been employed in conjunction with tasks that involve higher-order cognitive processes such as spatial attention, working memory, and planning and execution of saccadic eye movements. This approach has led to the discovery of multiple areas in human parietal and frontal areas, each cont ...
... have recently been employed in conjunction with tasks that involve higher-order cognitive processes such as spatial attention, working memory, and planning and execution of saccadic eye movements. This approach has led to the discovery of multiple areas in human parietal and frontal areas, each cont ...
Central Nervous System
... • Visceral effectors do not depend on the ANS to function; only to adjust their activity to the body’s changing needs • Denervation hypersensitivity - exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves are severed ...
... • Visceral effectors do not depend on the ANS to function; only to adjust their activity to the body’s changing needs • Denervation hypersensitivity - exaggerated response of cardiac and smooth muscle if autonomic nerves are severed ...
Maturation of Layer V Pyramidal Neurons in the Rat Prefrontal
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
... working memory (Fuster and Alexander 1971; Kubota and Niki 1971; Wang 2001). As expected, dysfunction of the PFC has been implicated in several mental illnesses, particularly schizophrenia. Deficiency in the working memory process in the PFC has been associated with the symptoms and cognitive defici ...
... PFC are collectively called the reward pathway because they are activated during pleasurable experiences, such as eating, during sex, consuming drugs of abuse or when given praise. Because the same reward center in the brain is responsible for positive feelings after using drugs and after eating, ov ...
Cortical Motor Organization, Mirror Neurons, and
... as to a fundamental tool for our knowledge of the world, for many years, this system was mainly considered in its executive aspects, such as, for example, movement parameters (Evarts 1968; Georgopoulos et al. 1982), or, at most, motor preparation (Weinrich et al. 1984). Interestingly, however, some ...
... as to a fundamental tool for our knowledge of the world, for many years, this system was mainly considered in its executive aspects, such as, for example, movement parameters (Evarts 1968; Georgopoulos et al. 1982), or, at most, motor preparation (Weinrich et al. 1984). Interestingly, however, some ...
Acetylcholine (ACh)
... The Specialization of the Hemispheres Hemispheres – two symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location ...
... The Specialization of the Hemispheres Hemispheres – two symmetrical left and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location ...
The Brain and Nervous Systems
... whether sex differences in anatomical brain size are linked to sex differences in behavior. ...
... whether sex differences in anatomical brain size are linked to sex differences in behavior. ...
Human brain spots emotion in non humanoid
... meet P1 and N170 visual components latencies in human EEG studies, with the P1 wave being modulated by emotion, and the N170 wave being mainly modulated by facial configuration, and originated in higher-level visual areas selective of face recognition (Bentin et al., 1996; George et al., 1996; Pizza ...
... meet P1 and N170 visual components latencies in human EEG studies, with the P1 wave being modulated by emotion, and the N170 wave being mainly modulated by facial configuration, and originated in higher-level visual areas selective of face recognition (Bentin et al., 1996; George et al., 1996; Pizza ...
from ups
... 2.3. Criteria for the identification of antidromic actiÕation When intracellularly recorded, antidromic action potentials could be unambiguously identified by their constant latency and by the absence of an underlying EPSP. Identification of antidromic action potentials was further facilitated by th ...
... 2.3. Criteria for the identification of antidromic actiÕation When intracellularly recorded, antidromic action potentials could be unambiguously identified by their constant latency and by the absence of an underlying EPSP. Identification of antidromic action potentials was further facilitated by th ...
Combining electroencephalographic activity and
... Moreover, vagal nerve stimulation has been shown as an effective treatment for major depression [25,26], while relaxation techniques based on cardio-feedback are used for managing negative emotions and psychological symptoms [27,28]. A typical and paradigmatic brain–heart interaction occurs during a ...
... Moreover, vagal nerve stimulation has been shown as an effective treatment for major depression [25,26], while relaxation techniques based on cardio-feedback are used for managing negative emotions and psychological symptoms [27,28]. A typical and paradigmatic brain–heart interaction occurs during a ...
Optometric Management Of A Patient With Parietal Lobe Injury
... of a given task.18 The non-dominant lobe is thought to be more responsible for visual-spatial tasks.16 Typically, those with damage to the nondominant hemisphere manifest visual spatial neglect or inattention. Visual spatial inattention is a reduced or absent response to visual stimuli presented on ...
... of a given task.18 The non-dominant lobe is thought to be more responsible for visual-spatial tasks.16 Typically, those with damage to the nondominant hemisphere manifest visual spatial neglect or inattention. Visual spatial inattention is a reduced or absent response to visual stimuli presented on ...
Assessing similarity to primary tissue and cortical layer identity in
... corticogenesis and neurological disease. Previous work has established that differentiation protocols can produce cortical neurons, but little has been done to characterize these at cellular resolution. In particular, it is unclear to what extent in vitro two-dimensional, relatively disordered cultu ...
... corticogenesis and neurological disease. Previous work has established that differentiation protocols can produce cortical neurons, but little has been done to characterize these at cellular resolution. In particular, it is unclear to what extent in vitro two-dimensional, relatively disordered cultu ...
Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... monkeys, vervets, baboons; Elston and Rosa 1997, 1998; Elston et al. 1999a, 2005a, 2005b, 2011; Elston 2000), New World monkeys (Elston et al. 1999b) and strepsirrhine primates (Elston et al. 2005c), there are currently no data concerning regional differences in dendritic complexity of any great ape ...
... monkeys, vervets, baboons; Elston and Rosa 1997, 1998; Elston et al. 1999a, 2005a, 2005b, 2011; Elston 2000), New World monkeys (Elston et al. 1999b) and strepsirrhine primates (Elston et al. 2005c), there are currently no data concerning regional differences in dendritic complexity of any great ape ...
Synaptic Neurotransmission and the Anatomically Addressed
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
... neurons, can occur in mature human brains, it is perhaps equally shocking that - periodically throughout the life cycle and under certain specific conditions - neurons decide to kill themselves in a type of molecular hari-kari called apoptosis (Figures 2-1, 2-2, and 2-10). In fact, up to 90% of the ...
Review Article Long-Term Memory Search across the
... by several sensory, associative, attention- and languagedevoted brain areas [20]. One question about the visual longterm memory (LTM) storage needs to be resolved. Is the latter assured by the visual cortex or, instead, our mental imagery is stored in a semantic form? One may argue that the crows go ...
... by several sensory, associative, attention- and languagedevoted brain areas [20]. One question about the visual longterm memory (LTM) storage needs to be resolved. Is the latter assured by the visual cortex or, instead, our mental imagery is stored in a semantic form? One may argue that the crows go ...
BIOL 105 S 2011 MTX 2 QA 110512.1
... A) sensory, motor, and predictive. B) sensory, motor, and manipulative. C) sensory, motor, and integrative. D) reflexive, predictive, and motor. E) emotion, memory, and movement. Answer: C 6) The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) mo ...
... A) sensory, motor, and predictive. B) sensory, motor, and manipulative. C) sensory, motor, and integrative. D) reflexive, predictive, and motor. E) emotion, memory, and movement. Answer: C 6) The part of the peripheral nervous system that brings information to the central nervous system is the A) mo ...
Goal-direction and top-down control
... in PFC showed much slower learning (approx. 30 trials, closely following improvements in behaviour). This difference in learning speed between PFC and BG is consistent with our hypothesis: simple, concrete associations, such as between a stimulus and a motor response, are first identified by the str ...
... in PFC showed much slower learning (approx. 30 trials, closely following improvements in behaviour). This difference in learning speed between PFC and BG is consistent with our hypothesis: simple, concrete associations, such as between a stimulus and a motor response, are first identified by the str ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.