States of Consciousness Ch. 5
... • 11 times more likely to fall behind in school • 10 times morel likely to drive • 2 times as likely to have unprotected sex ...
... • 11 times more likely to fall behind in school • 10 times morel likely to drive • 2 times as likely to have unprotected sex ...
The interplay between neurons and glia in synapse
... glutamate activation of the postsynapse and alters excitatory synaptic strength. These effects of Cx30 are independent of its channel function, suggesting that Cx30 in this context acts as a cell adhesion protein. Functionally, astrocytic Cx30 regulates long-term synaptic plasticity and hippocampal- ...
... glutamate activation of the postsynapse and alters excitatory synaptic strength. These effects of Cx30 are independent of its channel function, suggesting that Cx30 in this context acts as a cell adhesion protein. Functionally, astrocytic Cx30 regulates long-term synaptic plasticity and hippocampal- ...
Biological Bases of Bx Test
... b. hypothalamus. c. motor cortex. d. reticular formation. e. frontal association area. ____ 33. Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following? a. More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched. b. A larger area of the sensory cortex is ...
... b. hypothalamus. c. motor cortex. d. reticular formation. e. frontal association area. ____ 33. Our lips are more sensitive than our knees to sensations of touch due to which of the following? a. More neurotransmitters are released when the lips are touched. b. A larger area of the sensory cortex is ...
REVIEWS - Institute for Applied Psychometrics
... administration of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine results in a gradual scalar rightward shift of the estimated time12 (g). The effect is correlated with the activity of cholinergic neurons in the frontal cortex as measured by sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake (SDH ...
... administration of the muscarinic cholinergic receptor antagonist atropine results in a gradual scalar rightward shift of the estimated time12 (g). The effect is correlated with the activity of cholinergic neurons in the frontal cortex as measured by sodium-dependent high-affinity choline uptake (SDH ...
…By the way, where is the fornix???
... • 2 hemispheres, interconnected by: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure and (in some individuals) interthalamic adhesion. • In each hemisphere: cortex (gyri, sulci), white matter and subcortical structures (including hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia). ...
... • 2 hemispheres, interconnected by: corpus callosum, anterior commissure, posterior commissure and (in some individuals) interthalamic adhesion. • In each hemisphere: cortex (gyri, sulci), white matter and subcortical structures (including hippocampus, amygdala and basal ganglia). ...
The hippocampal–striatal axis in learning, prediction and
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
... Figure 2. Behavioral tasks that depend on the hippocampus (HPC), amygdala and ventral striatum (VS). (a) Aversive cue and context conditioning. In this task, the rat learns that a discrete cue [conditioned stimulus (CS), e.g. tone] and a context in which the training takes place, predict the occurre ...
video slide - Course Notes
... • Emotions are generated and experienced by the limbic system and other parts of the brain including the sensory areas. • The limbic system is a ring of structures around the brainstem that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus. • The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe ...
... • Emotions are generated and experienced by the limbic system and other parts of the brain including the sensory areas. • The limbic system is a ring of structures around the brainstem that includes the amygdala, hippocampus, and parts of the thalamus. • The amygdala is located in the temporal lobe ...
Evidence of Basal Temporo-occipital Cortex
... based on small positional differences, known as retinal disparities. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys showed that there is a widespread distribution of retinal disparity sensitive cells throughout many cortical areas of nonhuman primates. Sensitivity to retinal disparity has been recently found ...
... based on small positional differences, known as retinal disparities. Neurophysiological studies in monkeys showed that there is a widespread distribution of retinal disparity sensitive cells throughout many cortical areas of nonhuman primates. Sensitivity to retinal disparity has been recently found ...
The limbic system. A maze on the essentials: memory, learning and
... hemispheres and with numerous connections between them and other areas of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In 1878, Paul Broca described, for the first time, a ring-shaped area that connected the midbrain with each cerebral hemisphere. He named it "Limbic Lobe" (from the Latin "l ...
... hemispheres and with numerous connections between them and other areas of the central nervous system and the rest of the body. In 1878, Paul Broca described, for the first time, a ring-shaped area that connected the midbrain with each cerebral hemisphere. He named it "Limbic Lobe" (from the Latin "l ...
BETA ACTIVITY: A CARRIER FOR VISUAL ATTENTION
... Neuronal circuits located in higher levels of the mammalian visual system project feedback pathways terminating on principal cells of the preceding level (Felleman and Van Essen 1991, Zeki 1993). The idea that the descending systems might be used for control of the attention processes is not new (Ad ...
... Neuronal circuits located in higher levels of the mammalian visual system project feedback pathways terminating on principal cells of the preceding level (Felleman and Van Essen 1991, Zeki 1993). The idea that the descending systems might be used for control of the attention processes is not new (Ad ...
Effect of deep brain stimulation on substantia nigra neurons in a
... and 1.6% in men and women over 65 years of age, respectively. With an annual increase in China of 100,000 cases, 1.75 million individuals are estimated to suffer from PD. The pathogenesis of PD and the cause of neuron defects remain unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that apoptosis plays an import ...
... and 1.6% in men and women over 65 years of age, respectively. With an annual increase in China of 100,000 cases, 1.75 million individuals are estimated to suffer from PD. The pathogenesis of PD and the cause of neuron defects remain unclear. Recent studies demonstrated that apoptosis plays an import ...
Investigation of the central regulation of taste perception and
... examination data, 11 AN patients, ten women and one man (BMI: 16.7±1.6; age: mean 23.3 years) and 11 age-matched healthy control subjects, nine women and two men (BMI: 22.8±1.9; age: mean 24 years) participated in these experiments. All the volunteers were screened with the EAT-40 test and the EDI t ...
... examination data, 11 AN patients, ten women and one man (BMI: 16.7±1.6; age: mean 23.3 years) and 11 age-matched healthy control subjects, nine women and two men (BMI: 22.8±1.9; age: mean 24 years) participated in these experiments. All the volunteers were screened with the EAT-40 test and the EDI t ...
Diagnostic History of Traumatic Axonal Injury in Patients with
... from application of force to the brain: in detail, cerebral concussion is an acute traumainduced change of mental function generally lasting less than 24 hours and usually recovering within 2–3 weeks [5,15]. Concussion is not usually associated with visible lesions that can be detected by convention ...
... from application of force to the brain: in detail, cerebral concussion is an acute traumainduced change of mental function generally lasting less than 24 hours and usually recovering within 2–3 weeks [5,15]. Concussion is not usually associated with visible lesions that can be detected by convention ...
The Role of Dopamine and Its Dysfunction as a Consequence of
... has been considered as an adjunctive therapy in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [10]. However, MAO inhibitors are used to increase DA levels and not to decrease hydrogen peroxide production. Actually, neurons have different antioxidant systems, for exampl ...
... has been considered as an adjunctive therapy in neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease (PD) [10]. However, MAO inhibitors are used to increase DA levels and not to decrease hydrogen peroxide production. Actually, neurons have different antioxidant systems, for exampl ...
Glial Signaling Take Home Messages
... 1. Glial Signaling influences LTP in hippocampal neurons a. Ca++-clamped Astrocytes blocks neuronal LTP in hippocampus i. Ca++ from astrocytes are necessary for neuronal LTP b. Astrocytes release D-serine i. Glial metabolic poison FAC blocks LTP ii. D-serine synthesis inhibitor HOAsp blocks LTP 1) o ...
... 1. Glial Signaling influences LTP in hippocampal neurons a. Ca++-clamped Astrocytes blocks neuronal LTP in hippocampus i. Ca++ from astrocytes are necessary for neuronal LTP b. Astrocytes release D-serine i. Glial metabolic poison FAC blocks LTP ii. D-serine synthesis inhibitor HOAsp blocks LTP 1) o ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation by
... increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also documented the spatial extent of neu ...
... increase in the synchrony of the entrained neurons. This relation of LFP and neuronal firing can be explained by the fact that LFPs are produced by postsynaptic potentials, and periodicity in neuronal firing would be associated with periodicity in LFPs. They also documented the spatial extent of neu ...
Detection of grey matter loss in mild Alzheimer`s disease
... f the biological indicators of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), those detecting medial temporal lobe atrophy based on three dimensional T1 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are among the most sensitive. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumetry and surface measures of the entorhinal cortex are bel ...
... f the biological indicators of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), those detecting medial temporal lobe atrophy based on three dimensional T1 weighted magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are among the most sensitive. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumetry and surface measures of the entorhinal cortex are bel ...
Investigating the neurocognitive deficits associated with chronic
... Most recently, Ehrenreich et al. [18] have reported that deficits in human visual scanning (which undergoes maturation between 12–15 years of age) are best predicted by earlier onset of cannabis use (before 16 years of age versus after 16 years), suggesting that early use is associated with later co ...
... Most recently, Ehrenreich et al. [18] have reported that deficits in human visual scanning (which undergoes maturation between 12–15 years of age) are best predicted by earlier onset of cannabis use (before 16 years of age versus after 16 years), suggesting that early use is associated with later co ...
Circuits of emotion in the primate brain
... sweating, pupil dilation, contraction of various muscles, etc., also have few degrees of freedom). Additional circuits are superimposed on this core. They encompass subcortical and cortical areas that carry out complex computations on high-dimensional inputs, but ultimately funnel their outputs thro ...
... sweating, pupil dilation, contraction of various muscles, etc., also have few degrees of freedom). Additional circuits are superimposed on this core. They encompass subcortical and cortical areas that carry out complex computations on high-dimensional inputs, but ultimately funnel their outputs thro ...
Lecture 14 (Chapter 13) Last Quiz The Adult Spinal Cord Gross
... Control and Location • Location of cells (nuclei) within the gray matter determines which body part it controls. For example: – Neurons in the ventral horn of the lumbar cord control the legs and other inferior body structures – Neurons in the dorsal horn of the cervical cord are sensory for the nec ...
... Control and Location • Location of cells (nuclei) within the gray matter determines which body part it controls. For example: – Neurons in the ventral horn of the lumbar cord control the legs and other inferior body structures – Neurons in the dorsal horn of the cervical cord are sensory for the nec ...
Grounding conceptual knowledge in modality
... For example, Platonists propose that concepts exist independently of minds, whereas naturalists argue that concepts are causal relations between the world and the mind [a –c]. From these two perspectives, the study of concepts constitutes a referential problem, namely, how do mental states refer to ...
... For example, Platonists propose that concepts exist independently of minds, whereas naturalists argue that concepts are causal relations between the world and the mind [a –c]. From these two perspectives, the study of concepts constitutes a referential problem, namely, how do mental states refer to ...
Visuomotor development
... Visuomotor development Sensorimotor coordination has been an active research topic for both neuroscience and artificial intelligence over the last decade. The integration of sensory information for movement guidance represents perhaps the most basic operation that a nervous (or artificial) system mu ...
... Visuomotor development Sensorimotor coordination has been an active research topic for both neuroscience and artificial intelligence over the last decade. The integration of sensory information for movement guidance represents perhaps the most basic operation that a nervous (or artificial) system mu ...
Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging
... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a paralimbic region, participates in association functions, integrating emotion with behavior and various sensory processes (Hof et al., 1995). Its dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses t ...
... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a paralimbic region, participates in association functions, integrating emotion with behavior and various sensory processes (Hof et al., 1995). Its dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses t ...
The Isotropic Fractionator: A Fast, Reliable Method to Determine
... al., 2014). These include studies of the entire human brain (Azevedo et al., 2009), of the distribution of neurons across functional areas of the mouse cerebral cortex (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2013), across the human cerebral cortex (Ribeiro et al., 2013), and of the changes in the cellular composi ...
... al., 2014). These include studies of the entire human brain (Azevedo et al., 2009), of the distribution of neurons across functional areas of the mouse cerebral cortex (Herculano-Houzel et al., 2013), across the human cerebral cortex (Ribeiro et al., 2013), and of the changes in the cellular composi ...
Structural and Functional Organizing Principles of Language
... in basic language capacity among contemporary humans, have also been considered language (UG) and/or even organism (third factor principles) independent (Chomsky 2005, 2011). Earlier concepts also held language as different and distinct from other cognitive functions with considerations of UG as a s ...
... in basic language capacity among contemporary humans, have also been considered language (UG) and/or even organism (third factor principles) independent (Chomsky 2005, 2011). Earlier concepts also held language as different and distinct from other cognitive functions with considerations of UG as a s ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.