Orbitofrontal Cortex and Human Drug Abuse: Functional Imaging
... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a paralimbic region, participates in association functions, integrating emotion with behavior and various sensory processes (Hof et al., 1995). Its dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses t ...
... The orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), a paralimbic region, participates in association functions, integrating emotion with behavior and various sensory processes (Hof et al., 1995). Its dysfunction has been implicated in psychiatric disorders that involve inappropriate emotional and behavioral responses t ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... shallow injections of the tracer biotinylated dextran amine were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; ...
... shallow injections of the tracer biotinylated dextran amine were made into PMBSF. Anterograde transport of the tracer revealed cases where long, intrinsic horizontal axons projected through gray matter out from PMBSF and across boundaries into visual and auditory cortical areas (Frostig et al. 2008; ...
Learning in the oculomotor system: from molecules to behavior
... associated with plasticity at two sites — in the vestibular nuclei and in a pathway through the cerebellar cortex [20,21•,22]. Why does an apparently simple change in reflex gain require more than one site of plasticity? One hypothesis suggests that plasticity in the vestibular nuclei may be primari ...
... associated with plasticity at two sites — in the vestibular nuclei and in a pathway through the cerebellar cortex [20,21•,22]. Why does an apparently simple change in reflex gain require more than one site of plasticity? One hypothesis suggests that plasticity in the vestibular nuclei may be primari ...
Chapter 15 Viral Vector-Based Techniques for Optogenetic
... expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection volume. For example, AAV2 injection results in expression patterns that are more localized compared with the pseudotyped AAV2/5, AAV2/8, or AAV2/9. AAV2 is therefore well suited for local expression in volumes ...
... expression pattern can be achieved by choosing the appropriate viral vector and injection volume. For example, AAV2 injection results in expression patterns that are more localized compared with the pseudotyped AAV2/5, AAV2/8, or AAV2/9. AAV2 is therefore well suited for local expression in volumes ...
Host Response and Dysfunction in the CNS during Chronic Simian
... basis for CNS dysfunction. In the chronic stable stage, nearly 2 years after infection, all animals had verified CNS functional abnormalities. Both virus and infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8⫹ T-cells) were found in the brain. Molecular analysis revealed that the expression of several immune response ge ...
... basis for CNS dysfunction. In the chronic stable stage, nearly 2 years after infection, all animals had verified CNS functional abnormalities. Both virus and infiltrating lymphocytes (CD8⫹ T-cells) were found in the brain. Molecular analysis revealed that the expression of several immune response ge ...
• 1 1) The nonspecific ascending pathways ______. A) are
... B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal Answer: A 18 18) Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) anterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic Ans ...
... B) parietal from occipital C) temporal from parietal D) frontal from temporal Answer: A 18 18) Neural tracts that convey life-saving information to the brain concerning burning pain would be ________. A) anterior spinothalamic B) reticulospinal C) lateral spinothalamic D) posterior spinothalamic Ans ...
CHARLES UNIVERSITY
... an excessive increase in intracellular calcium; nerve cells start to induce abnormal excessive activity and intracellular calcium accumulation or even get damaged, so called excitotoxicity. The activity of NO is dependent on the increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ and binding to calmodulin and th ...
... an excessive increase in intracellular calcium; nerve cells start to induce abnormal excessive activity and intracellular calcium accumulation or even get damaged, so called excitotoxicity. The activity of NO is dependent on the increased levels of intracellular Ca2+ and binding to calmodulin and th ...
Types of Neuron and their function - Click here
... Synaptic transmission is the process for transmitting messages from neuron to neuron. Since neurons form a network, they somehow have to be interconnected. When a nerve signal, or impulse reaches the ends of its axon, it has travelled as an action potential, or a pulse of electricity. However, there ...
... Synaptic transmission is the process for transmitting messages from neuron to neuron. Since neurons form a network, they somehow have to be interconnected. When a nerve signal, or impulse reaches the ends of its axon, it has travelled as an action potential, or a pulse of electricity. However, there ...
Print this article - University of Toronto Journal of Undergraduate Life
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
... The treatment of Parkinson’s disease (PD) relies heavily on levodopa therapy. Although highly effective in ameliorating the debilitating symptoms of PD, levodopa treatment is largely associated with the development of abnormal involuntary movements. Several studies have suggested that these motor co ...
T2 - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
... Extrastriate Summary Remapping occurs at early stages of the visual hierarchy. Corollary discharge has an impact far back into the system. Remapping implies widespread connectivity in which many neurons have rapid access to information well beyond the classical receptive field. Vision is an active ...
Diverse functions of perineuronal nets
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
... These results indicate that tenascin-R is essential for ECM proteoglycans to form the lattice-like structure (Weber et al. 1999, Haunso et al. 2000). It appears that precise timing of the CS proteoglycans expression seems to be specific for both cortical areas and particular cortical layers. For exa ...
Spontaneous activity in developing sensory circuits
... These data suggest that some important property of sensory networks forms in utero, while the development of associational networks is likely part of the rapid synaptogenesis and maturation of cortical activity patterns observed postnatally. Thus a close examination of activity in primary sensory co ...
... These data suggest that some important property of sensory networks forms in utero, while the development of associational networks is likely part of the rapid synaptogenesis and maturation of cortical activity patterns observed postnatally. Thus a close examination of activity in primary sensory co ...
Interval time coding by neurons in the presupplementary and
... the cerebellum and basal ganglia in controlling different aspects of behavior have been proposed: automatic versus cognitive aspects of behavior10 or precise-timing versus threshold-setting distinctions11. As for the involvement of cortical areas, the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex were th ...
... the cerebellum and basal ganglia in controlling different aspects of behavior have been proposed: automatic versus cognitive aspects of behavior10 or precise-timing versus threshold-setting distinctions11. As for the involvement of cortical areas, the posterior parietal and prefrontal cortex were th ...
What Can an Orbitofrontal Cortex- Endowed Animal
... action potentials to electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.5 From electrophysiological recordings in rodents, it is evident that these same structures are involved in olfactory discrimination learning,6,7 lending support to the idea that the OFC of “sub-primate” mammals was chiefly dedicated ...
... action potentials to electrical stimulation of the olfactory bulb.5 From electrophysiological recordings in rodents, it is evident that these same structures are involved in olfactory discrimination learning,6,7 lending support to the idea that the OFC of “sub-primate” mammals was chiefly dedicated ...
Neurophysiological correlates of hypnotic analgesia
... studied by recording intracranial somatosensory event-related potentials (SEPs) to painful cutaneous stimuli during hypnotically suggested analgesia. Kropotov, Crawford and Polyakov (1997) found that the hypnotically responsive patient reduced pain perception during suggested hypnotic analgesia and ...
... studied by recording intracranial somatosensory event-related potentials (SEPs) to painful cutaneous stimuli during hypnotically suggested analgesia. Kropotov, Crawford and Polyakov (1997) found that the hypnotically responsive patient reduced pain perception during suggested hypnotic analgesia and ...
Before and below `theory of mind`: embodied
... humans, monkeys and dogs (Buccino et al. 2004a), corroborates this hypothesis. The observed mouth actions could be either object-directed, like a human, monkey or dog biting a piece of food, or communicative, like human silent speech, monkey lip-smacking and dog barking. The results showed that the ...
... humans, monkeys and dogs (Buccino et al. 2004a), corroborates this hypothesis. The observed mouth actions could be either object-directed, like a human, monkey or dog biting a piece of food, or communicative, like human silent speech, monkey lip-smacking and dog barking. The results showed that the ...
Neurosteroids: Expression of Steroidogenic Enzymes and
... (Mensah-Nyagan et al., 1994). In situ hybridization studies have revealed that the mRNAs encoding for 3bHSD in the rat brain are localized in the olfactive bulb, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, area of medulla bordering the fourth ventricle as well as in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum (D ...
... (Mensah-Nyagan et al., 1994). In situ hybridization studies have revealed that the mRNAs encoding for 3bHSD in the rat brain are localized in the olfactive bulb, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus, area of medulla bordering the fourth ventricle as well as in the thalamus, hypothalamus, and cerebellum (D ...
Cortical connections of the visuomotor parietooccipital
... testing the visual responsiveness of cells in record and for mapping their visual receptive fields. At the end of recording sessions, neural tracers were injected by using a “recording syringe” (i.e., a 1-l Hamilton syringe with a metal microelectrode attached to the needle) in order to inject neuro ...
... testing the visual responsiveness of cells in record and for mapping their visual receptive fields. At the end of recording sessions, neural tracers were injected by using a “recording syringe” (i.e., a 1-l Hamilton syringe with a metal microelectrode attached to the needle) in order to inject neuro ...
NMDA and AMPA Receptors: Development and Status Epilepticus
... Key words Brain • Maturation • Glutamate receptors • Epilepsy ...
... Key words Brain • Maturation • Glutamate receptors • Epilepsy ...
BRAIN DYNAMICS AT MULTIPLE SCALES: CAN ONE RECONCILE
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
... Dynamics in Brain Activity The above results are consistent with the idea that awake brain activity may be associated with high-dimensional dynamics, perhaps analogous to a stochastic system. To further investigate this aspect, we have examined data from animal experiments in which both microscopic ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also present in the cortical parenchyma [40]. In SI cortex, fai ...
... demonstration that, beside its strong localization to the leptomeninges—where it is detected in the arachnoid and along the thin arachnoid trabeculae in the subarachnoid space—and to ependymal and choroid plexus (Fig. 2C,E), GAT-2 ir is also present in the cortical parenchyma [40]. In SI cortex, fai ...
The Spinal Cord
... Dorsal (Posterior) Horn: Cell bodies of neurons which receive afferent information from spinal nerves and send it toward the brain Lateral Horn: Cell bodies of neurons which receive efferent information from the brain and send it to smooth myocytes, cardiac myocytes, and glands (autonomic motor inne ...
... Dorsal (Posterior) Horn: Cell bodies of neurons which receive afferent information from spinal nerves and send it toward the brain Lateral Horn: Cell bodies of neurons which receive efferent information from the brain and send it to smooth myocytes, cardiac myocytes, and glands (autonomic motor inne ...
Acetylcholinesterase in central vocal control nuclei of the zebra finch
... and probably evolved vocalization independently, their neurochemical profile and content could be similar as the subserved behaviour is the same, indicating that despite independent evolution, the neural mechanisms that underlie vocal learning are similar. Such a functional neuroanatomy has been gre ...
... and probably evolved vocalization independently, their neurochemical profile and content could be similar as the subserved behaviour is the same, indicating that despite independent evolution, the neural mechanisms that underlie vocal learning are similar. Such a functional neuroanatomy has been gre ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.