BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
12 - Mrs. Jensen's Science Classroom
... • In frontal lobe; control voluntary movement • Primary (somatic) motor cortex in precentral gyrus • Premotor cortex anterior to precentral gyrus • Broca's area anterior to inferior premotor area • Frontal eye field within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca's area © 2013 Pearson Educ ...
... • In frontal lobe; control voluntary movement • Primary (somatic) motor cortex in precentral gyrus • Premotor cortex anterior to precentral gyrus • Broca's area anterior to inferior premotor area • Frontal eye field within and anterior to premotor cortex; superior to Broca's area © 2013 Pearson Educ ...
NEUROTRANSMITTER SYSTEMS IN THE VISUAL CORTEX OF
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
... nals, because it is confined almost entirely to neurons. Immunocytochemica1 staining with an antiserum to GAD appears to be rather uniformly distributed throughout the cortical layers of the rat (112). In the monkey visual cortex, however, distinct laminar variations in GAD immunoreactivity are pre ...
Lesion mapping of social problem solving
... The Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS) was set up by William F. Caveness, chief of the Laboratory of Experimental Neurology at the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke from 1965. He designed the VHIS registry, which gathered information on 1221 Vietnam veterans who ...
... The Vietnam Head Injury Study (VHIS) was set up by William F. Caveness, chief of the Laboratory of Experimental Neurology at the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke from 1965. He designed the VHIS registry, which gathered information on 1221 Vietnam veterans who ...
Current advances and pressing problems in studies of stopping
... putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus [49]. Although some have hypothesized that a common inhibitory mechanism operates in humans and rats [50!!], comparison across species must be made with caution because STN connectivity differs between rodents and primates [51]. (2) Numerous studies identify rI ...
... putamen, globus pallidus, and thalamus [49]. Although some have hypothesized that a common inhibitory mechanism operates in humans and rats [50!!], comparison across species must be made with caution because STN connectivity differs between rodents and primates [51]. (2) Numerous studies identify rI ...
Pictures of pain: their contribution to the
... another view that they briefly acknowledged but ‘argued against’ (Gallese, 2011). This view, which comprised ‘a fully cognitive and disembodied approach to esthetics’, had been held by several eminent 20th century art historians, notably Ernst Gombrich and others in the field such as R.G. Collingwood, ...
... another view that they briefly acknowledged but ‘argued against’ (Gallese, 2011). This view, which comprised ‘a fully cognitive and disembodied approach to esthetics’, had been held by several eminent 20th century art historians, notably Ernst Gombrich and others in the field such as R.G. Collingwood, ...
The Effect of Ischemia on Biogenic Amine Concentrations in
... table gives the ratios of experimental to control values at the three spinal cord levels and in the four areas as a function of duration of ischemia. Asterisks indicate values that are significantly different from unity. It seemed possible that further significant effects might be hidden in the nois ...
... table gives the ratios of experimental to control values at the three spinal cord levels and in the four areas as a function of duration of ischemia. Asterisks indicate values that are significantly different from unity. It seemed possible that further significant effects might be hidden in the nois ...
Get PDF - IOS Press
... the positive effects of exercise on brain function. The benefits of exercise in the brain are mediated through many growth factors, among which BDNF is the most prominent. Early studies in rodents demonstrated that several days of voluntary wheel running increased BDNF mRNA and protein in the hippoc ...
... the positive effects of exercise on brain function. The benefits of exercise in the brain are mediated through many growth factors, among which BDNF is the most prominent. Early studies in rodents demonstrated that several days of voluntary wheel running increased BDNF mRNA and protein in the hippoc ...
PHS 398 (Rev. 9/04), Biographical Sketch Format Page
... mild traumatic brain injuries in experimental animals. The changes of excitability in the affected neural networks were used as a marker to study the temporal course of brain injury due to a traumatic event. Electrophysiological information collected in vivo with chronically implanted multi-electrod ...
... mild traumatic brain injuries in experimental animals. The changes of excitability in the affected neural networks were used as a marker to study the temporal course of brain injury due to a traumatic event. Electrophysiological information collected in vivo with chronically implanted multi-electrod ...
Optogenetics in a transparent animal: circuit function in the larval
... While short trains of blue light evoked only GABAmediated inhibitory currents in mitral cells, more prolonged trains also activated a slow hyperpolarizing dopamine-mediated current. The results suggest that GABA is involved in dynamic odor processing, whereas dopamine is implicated in the slow adapt ...
... While short trains of blue light evoked only GABAmediated inhibitory currents in mitral cells, more prolonged trains also activated a slow hyperpolarizing dopamine-mediated current. The results suggest that GABA is involved in dynamic odor processing, whereas dopamine is implicated in the slow adapt ...
Predicting Persuasion-Induced Behavior Change from the Brain
... In this investigation, we explored the utility of fMRI in predicting and understanding behavior change in response to persuasive messages. More specifically, we measured neural activity in a priori regions of interest—medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and precuneus (Fig. 1a)—while people were exposed ...
... In this investigation, we explored the utility of fMRI in predicting and understanding behavior change in response to persuasive messages. More specifically, we measured neural activity in a priori regions of interest—medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) and precuneus (Fig. 1a)—while people were exposed ...
Commentaries on Viewpoint: A role for the prefrontal cortex in
... TO THE EDITOR: The possibility for the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to be involved in exercise tolerance and termination nicely postulated by Robertson and Marino (5) is timely. However, in the absence of compelling data, this hypothesis is currently based upon insufficient evidence from exercise studies ...
... TO THE EDITOR: The possibility for the prefrontal cortex (PFC) to be involved in exercise tolerance and termination nicely postulated by Robertson and Marino (5) is timely. However, in the absence of compelling data, this hypothesis is currently based upon insufficient evidence from exercise studies ...
The Relationship Between Synchronization Among Neuronal
... may constitute a form of temporal coding that underlies feature binding and perceptual synthesis. The relationship between synchronization among neuronal populations and the population ring rates addresses two important issues: the distinction between rate coding and synchronization coding models o ...
... may constitute a form of temporal coding that underlies feature binding and perceptual synthesis. The relationship between synchronization among neuronal populations and the population ring rates addresses two important issues: the distinction between rate coding and synchronization coding models o ...
The non-classical auditory pathways are involved in hearing in
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
... individuals that we studied experienced an increase in loudness when their median nerve was stimulated while a few individuals experienced a decrease in loudness is in agreement with the reported findings that cells in the ICX can respond to both auditory and somatosensory stimulation and can either ...
Grasping the Intentions of Others with One`s Own Mirror Neuron
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
... away? The aim of the present study is to investigate the neural basis of intention understanding in this sense and, more specifically, the role played by the human mirror neuron system in this type of intention understanding. The term ‘‘intention’’ will be always used in this specific sense, to indica ...
Alcoholism - Boston University Medical Campus
... cerebral hemispheres is important because, although both cerebral hemispheres contain EROS circuitry, their specific functions may be lateralized to reflect differential hemispheric sensitivities to stimulus materials (e.g., linguistic vs. visuospatial) and task demands (e.g., attention, perception, m ...
... cerebral hemispheres is important because, although both cerebral hemispheres contain EROS circuitry, their specific functions may be lateralized to reflect differential hemispheric sensitivities to stimulus materials (e.g., linguistic vs. visuospatial) and task demands (e.g., attention, perception, m ...
- D-Scholarship@Pitt
... layers of the SC, which process visual information. To isolate inputs to the purely visual layers in the superficial SC from those inputs to the motor and multisensory layers deeper in the SC, two injections were placed to include the intermediate and deep layers of the SC. In another case, an injec ...
... layers of the SC, which process visual information. To isolate inputs to the purely visual layers in the superficial SC from those inputs to the motor and multisensory layers deeper in the SC, two injections were placed to include the intermediate and deep layers of the SC. In another case, an injec ...
Cellular mechanisms underlying network synchrony in the medial
... Encoding interference problem Spike ...
... Encoding interference problem Spike ...
The posterior parietal cortex: Sensorimotor interface for the planning
... in extrinsic space, but we will return to the issue of intrinsic coordinates later in this review. Hand and target position can each be defined with respect to a number of frames of reference; however, it is currently thought that in order to simplify the computation of motor error, both quantities ...
... in extrinsic space, but we will return to the issue of intrinsic coordinates later in this review. Hand and target position can each be defined with respect to a number of frames of reference; however, it is currently thought that in order to simplify the computation of motor error, both quantities ...
Cortical and subcortical afferents to the nucleus reticularis tegmenti
... follows: (1) An injection within MT produced terminal label limited to the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei. (2) Injections restricted to MST or LIP showed patches of terminal label in the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and peduncular pontine nuclei. (3) Area 7a targets the dorsal, dorsolater ...
... follows: (1) An injection within MT produced terminal label limited to the dorsolateral and lateral pontine nuclei. (2) Injections restricted to MST or LIP showed patches of terminal label in the dorsal, dorsolateral, lateral, and peduncular pontine nuclei. (3) Area 7a targets the dorsal, dorsolater ...
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE VINNYTSIA NATIONAL
... _ Imaging studies. Even before these are performed, any central neurological deficit of acute onset is very likely to be due to a cerebrovascular accident, of which ischemic stroke is the most common type; yet neuroimaging is still indicated for definitive confirmation of the diagnosis. Any patient ...
... _ Imaging studies. Even before these are performed, any central neurological deficit of acute onset is very likely to be due to a cerebrovascular accident, of which ischemic stroke is the most common type; yet neuroimaging is still indicated for definitive confirmation of the diagnosis. Any patient ...
2 - New Page 1
... • More time spent in Stage 4 and REM • Less time spent in Stages 1 and 2 • Rats die in 2-3 weeks if sleep deprived, 4-6 weeks if REM deprived • Deep, Stage 3-4, slow-wave (delta) sleep may be needed for recovery from oxidative stress • High metabolism during awake activity produces overabundance of ...
... • More time spent in Stage 4 and REM • Less time spent in Stages 1 and 2 • Rats die in 2-3 weeks if sleep deprived, 4-6 weeks if REM deprived • Deep, Stage 3-4, slow-wave (delta) sleep may be needed for recovery from oxidative stress • High metabolism during awake activity produces overabundance of ...
the mirror-neuron system - Psychology and Neuroscience
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
... between the effective observed and the effective executed action. In about one third of them, the effective observed and executed actions are virtually identical (strictly congruent neurons); in the remaining, the effective observed and executed actions are similar or functionally related (broadly c ...
Consciousness & Its Variants
... Sensations can be strange Strange details are accepted without question Images are often difficult to remember ...
... Sensations can be strange Strange details are accepted without question Images are often difficult to remember ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.