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Morphological Changes in the Hippocampus Following Nicotine and
... gyrus. NADPH-diaphorase staining. Direct magnification 40x. B. NADPH-diaphorase positive cell in CA1 area of the hippocampus. Direct magnification 200x. C. CA1 area of the hippocampus (arrows). Bis-benzimide, Hoechst 33342 staining. Kainic acid-treated rat (10 mg/kg). Direct magnification 100x. D. C ...
... gyrus. NADPH-diaphorase staining. Direct magnification 40x. B. NADPH-diaphorase positive cell in CA1 area of the hippocampus. Direct magnification 200x. C. CA1 area of the hippocampus (arrows). Bis-benzimide, Hoechst 33342 staining. Kainic acid-treated rat (10 mg/kg). Direct magnification 100x. D. C ...
BrainFacts.org A P R I M E R ...
... the spinal cord generates nerve impulses in nerves that control the muscles and the viscera, both through reflex activities and through voluntary commands from the cerebrum. The Parts of the Nervous System The forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS), whi ...
... the spinal cord generates nerve impulses in nerves that control the muscles and the viscera, both through reflex activities and through voluntary commands from the cerebrum. The Parts of the Nervous System The forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain, and spinal cord form the central nervous system (CNS), whi ...
Stochastic dynamics as a principle of brain function
... stochastic nature of the computations. However, we show that to understand analytically (mathematically) the stable points of the network, for example what decisions may be reached, it is helpful to incorporate a mean field approach that is consistent with the integrate-and-fire model. The mean field a ...
... stochastic nature of the computations. However, we show that to understand analytically (mathematically) the stable points of the network, for example what decisions may be reached, it is helpful to incorporate a mean field approach that is consistent with the integrate-and-fire model. The mean field a ...
uncorrected proof - Università degli Studi di Parma
... such as that proposed by Knoblich and Jordan (2002), according to which mirror neurons merely code ‘‘the perceived effect the action exerts on the object’’ (2002, p. 116). Furthermore, these data alone seem to contradict the notion that the functional mechanism at the basis of the activation of mirr ...
... such as that proposed by Knoblich and Jordan (2002), according to which mirror neurons merely code ‘‘the perceived effect the action exerts on the object’’ (2002, p. 116). Furthermore, these data alone seem to contradict the notion that the functional mechanism at the basis of the activation of mirr ...
Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the
... Acetylcholine is vital for cognitive functions of the brain. Although its actions in the individual cell are known in some detail1, its effects at the network level are poorly understood2. The hippocampus, which receives a major cholinergic input from the medial septum/diagonal band3, is important i ...
... Acetylcholine is vital for cognitive functions of the brain. Although its actions in the individual cell are known in some detail1, its effects at the network level are poorly understood2. The hippocampus, which receives a major cholinergic input from the medial septum/diagonal band3, is important i ...
Two Phylogenetic Specializations in the Human Brain
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
... The spindle cells may serve to augment and relay the error-correcting information to other parts of the brain. The spindle cells are located in layer 5, which typically relays the output of cortical processing to other cortical areas and subcortical structures. The axons of the spindle cells are kno ...
decision-making in the primate brain
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
... first stage of the experiment, a subject learns that stimulus A is paired with a reward while stimulus B is not. Once this is learned, the same stimuli are subsequently paired with two novel stimuli (X and Y), and, in this second stage of the experiment, the joint stimuli AX and BY are both paired wi ...
- PhilSci
... features of biological brains can provide one basis for benchmarking the performance of artificial computational systems along some dimension of interest like power consumption or scalability. Comparing the computational performance of the simulating system in a large-scale neural simulation to that ...
... features of biological brains can provide one basis for benchmarking the performance of artificial computational systems along some dimension of interest like power consumption or scalability. Comparing the computational performance of the simulating system in a large-scale neural simulation to that ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... NaHCO3 in distilled water) (de Araujo et al., 2003a). With respect to CMC, the term “apparent viscosity” is used to indicate that this compound does not behave rheologically as a Newtonian fluid, showing thinning behavior as shear forces increase (Verhagen et al., 2003), and that the viscosity measu ...
... NaHCO3 in distilled water) (de Araujo et al., 2003a). With respect to CMC, the term “apparent viscosity” is used to indicate that this compound does not behave rheologically as a Newtonian fluid, showing thinning behavior as shear forces increase (Verhagen et al., 2003), and that the viscosity measu ...
Neuronal networks for induced `40 Hz` rhythms
... Coherent rhythms might have other functions. One idea is that they providea timing referencefor a neural code that depends on the phase relationship of individual neurones with the reference oscillation. The stronger the excitation to an individualneurone, the earlierin the cycle it willfire.Thus ne ...
... Coherent rhythms might have other functions. One idea is that they providea timing referencefor a neural code that depends on the phase relationship of individual neurones with the reference oscillation. The stronger the excitation to an individualneurone, the earlierin the cycle it willfire.Thus ne ...
Integrating Optogenetic and Pharmacological Approaches to Study
... in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and various intellectual disorders (Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003; Benes, 2010; Uhlhaas and Singer, 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively expr ...
... in psychiatric disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism, and various intellectual disorders (Rubenstein and Merzenich, 2003; Benes, 2010; Uhlhaas and Singer, 2010; Yizhar et al., 2011b; Marin, 2012). More specifically, dysfunctional circuit mechanisms within the FS interneurons that selectively expr ...
A Candidate Pathway for a Visual Instructional Signal to the Barn
... we suggest that these SGC neurons belong to the small subgroup that projects along the CTB. This assumption is based on several lines of evidence: (1) in their morphological features (soma size and multipolar organization with dendrites reaching into upper and lower tectal layers) these SGC neurons ...
... we suggest that these SGC neurons belong to the small subgroup that projects along the CTB. This assumption is based on several lines of evidence: (1) in their morphological features (soma size and multipolar organization with dendrites reaching into upper and lower tectal layers) these SGC neurons ...
Supplemental Information for Free D
... specifically, we used a full factorial Analisys of Covariance (ANCOVA) including as factor the DDO genetic variants and as “nuisance” variables orthogonalized first- and second-order polynomials of age, gender and total GM volume. We included such variables in order to control for any independent ef ...
... specifically, we used a full factorial Analisys of Covariance (ANCOVA) including as factor the DDO genetic variants and as “nuisance” variables orthogonalized first- and second-order polynomials of age, gender and total GM volume. We included such variables in order to control for any independent ef ...
Supplementary Materials ANTICIPATION PHASE Neutral vs. gain
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
... temporale, lateral occipital cortex, thalamus, brain stem, and left middle frontal gyrus and hippocampus (Table S5). Social anxiety and gain outcomes Gain magnitude. Contrasting large gain outcome with small gain outcome yielded three clusters of activity positively related to social anxiety (Table ...
1 Platonic model of mind as an approximation to neurodynamics
... Computational neuroscience may be our best approach to ultimate understanding of the brain and mind but chances that neural models are going to explain soon all aspect of cognition are small. Can we understand higher mental activity directly in terms of neural processes in the brain? It does not see ...
... Computational neuroscience may be our best approach to ultimate understanding of the brain and mind but chances that neural models are going to explain soon all aspect of cognition are small. Can we understand higher mental activity directly in terms of neural processes in the brain? It does not see ...
Cortical afferents to the smooth-pursuit region of the macaque
... implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Instrument) was secured inside the recording well. The microelectrodes and injection needles traveled inside 23-gauge ...
... implanted in one eye. To enhance the accuracy and reproducibility of electrode penetrations and subsequent injections, a plastic grid with 1-mm spacing between adjacent holes (Crist Instrument) was secured inside the recording well. The microelectrodes and injection needles traveled inside 23-gauge ...
Functional Anatomy, Physiology and Clinical Aspects of Basal Ganglia
... information is transmitted to the globus pallidus pars internalis or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which physiologically and anatomically constitute one structure) or via the ventral globus pallidus reach the thalamus and the cerebral cortex subsequently. The evidence of the anatomical and p ...
... information is transmitted to the globus pallidus pars internalis or the substantia nigra pars reticulata (which physiologically and anatomically constitute one structure) or via the ventral globus pallidus reach the thalamus and the cerebral cortex subsequently. The evidence of the anatomical and p ...
The fate of Nissl-stained dark neurons following
... Similarly, in the Weld of traumatic brain injury (TBI), dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal dea ...
... Similarly, in the Weld of traumatic brain injury (TBI), dark neurons have been observed as one kind of feature of damaged neurons. The regions where dark neurons appear at a high rate after TBI, such as neocortex, CA3 subWeld and dentate hilus, coincide with the regions where subsequent neuronal dea ...
Heterogeneity of GABAergic Cells in Cat Visual Cortex
... step of the staining procedure. This elution has to be complete, selective, and mav not elute or denature the antigen to be localized in the subsequent-staining sequence. Completeness of the elution can be checked by performing the first staining sequence, omitting the DAB reaction, following this b ...
... step of the staining procedure. This elution has to be complete, selective, and mav not elute or denature the antigen to be localized in the subsequent-staining sequence. Completeness of the elution can be checked by performing the first staining sequence, omitting the DAB reaction, following this b ...
Transcranial magnetic stimulation
... length of conductive material such as a nerve fibre is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a secondary electrical field is induced within the exposed coil or fibre. The size of the current induced depends on the strength and rate of change of the magnetic field and on the number of loops in the se ...
... length of conductive material such as a nerve fibre is exposed to a changing magnetic field, a secondary electrical field is induced within the exposed coil or fibre. The size of the current induced depends on the strength and rate of change of the magnetic field and on the number of loops in the se ...
Comparing the Functional Representations of Central and Border
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
... poststimulus onset was divided by 500 msec of prestimulus IS activity occurring immediately before stimulus onset. After the ratio values were processed with a Gaussian filter (half-width of 5), the areal extent of the f unctional representation was quantified by thresholding at three levels above p ...
Descending Pathways in Motor Control
... Each of the descending pathways involved in motor control has a number of anatomical, molecular, pharmacological, and neuroinformatic characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the bra ...
... Each of the descending pathways involved in motor control has a number of anatomical, molecular, pharmacological, and neuroinformatic characteristics. They are differentially involved in motor control, a process that results from operations involving the entire motor network rather than from the bra ...
Progress Report on Alzheimer`s Disease 1) More than _____ of AD
... 3) One mechanism the brain uses to store memories is a process called a) long-term potentiation b) neural chunking c) associative filing d) load balancing 4) The brain uses about _____ of the body's energy. a) 5% b) 10% c) 20% d) 40% 5) What is the best known risk factor for AD? a) SES b) gender c) ...
... 3) One mechanism the brain uses to store memories is a process called a) long-term potentiation b) neural chunking c) associative filing d) load balancing 4) The brain uses about _____ of the body's energy. a) 5% b) 10% c) 20% d) 40% 5) What is the best known risk factor for AD? a) SES b) gender c) ...
Signal Integration in Thalamus: Labeled Lines Go
... The second pattern of RGC convergence observed was surprising: some LGN neurons received input from presynaptic clusters comprised of many different types of RGCs. Rompani et al. (2017) knew that the RGCs had to be of different types because from RGC to RGC they displayed marked variation in their p ...
... The second pattern of RGC convergence observed was surprising: some LGN neurons received input from presynaptic clusters comprised of many different types of RGCs. Rompani et al. (2017) knew that the RGCs had to be of different types because from RGC to RGC they displayed marked variation in their p ...
Synaptic plasticity: taming the beast
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
... total level of synaptic efficacy. A frequent approach in neural network models is to globally adjust all the synapses onto each postsynaptic neuron based on its level of activity3. The adjustment can take two forms, depending on whether the synapses to a particular neuron are changed by the same amo ...
Neuroplasticity
![](https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FilePath/Brain_2.jpg?width=300)
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.