Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... The studies concerning to the response from different anatomic structures to a specific sound have showed a significant increase both in the I–III and in the III–V intervals; although the increase in the III–V interval was slightly more significant [42, 43]. It appears that the generators of wave V ...
... The studies concerning to the response from different anatomic structures to a specific sound have showed a significant increase both in the I–III and in the III–V intervals; although the increase in the III–V interval was slightly more significant [42, 43]. It appears that the generators of wave V ...
thalamus
... May occur as the patient is recovering from a thalamic infarct. The pain is spontaneous , often excessive and occurs on the opposite side of the body. This sensation can be aroused by light touch or cold and may fail to respond to powerful ...
... May occur as the patient is recovering from a thalamic infarct. The pain is spontaneous , often excessive and occurs on the opposite side of the body. This sensation can be aroused by light touch or cold and may fail to respond to powerful ...
50 Emotional States and Feelings
... Based on this idea, James and the Danish psychologist Carl Lange proposed an alternative hypothesis: The feeling state, the conscious experience of emotion, occurs after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an in ...
... Based on this idea, James and the Danish psychologist Carl Lange proposed an alternative hypothesis: The feeling state, the conscious experience of emotion, occurs after the cortex receives signals about changes in our physiological state. Feelings are preceded by certain physiological changes—an in ...
Rabies (Rhabdovirus)
... Antibody Testing Send cross section of brain stem (through the medulla, pons, or midbrain area) and cerebellum (through EACH hemisphere and the vermis). Many laboratories will not start ancillary testing until negative rabies results have been received. Contact the laboratory for specific policies a ...
... Antibody Testing Send cross section of brain stem (through the medulla, pons, or midbrain area) and cerebellum (through EACH hemisphere and the vermis). Many laboratories will not start ancillary testing until negative rabies results have been received. Contact the laboratory for specific policies a ...
Voltage-Dependent Switching of Sensorimotor Integration by a
... fore stimulation). The neighboring neural network that generates cardiac sac dilations that activate the sensory vpln is not continuously active and produces a slow motor rhythm with a period of ⬃10 – 40 sec (Selverston and Moulins, 1987). To investigate how expression of the cardiac sac rhythm may ...
... fore stimulation). The neighboring neural network that generates cardiac sac dilations that activate the sensory vpln is not continuously active and produces a slow motor rhythm with a period of ⬃10 – 40 sec (Selverston and Moulins, 1987). To investigate how expression of the cardiac sac rhythm may ...
Chapter 15: Chemical Control of the Brain and Behavior
... • The Nonadrenergic Locus Coeruleus – Path: Axons innervate cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord – Function: Regulation of attention, arousal, sleepwake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism ...
... • The Nonadrenergic Locus Coeruleus – Path: Axons innervate cerebral cortex, thalamus, hypothalamus, olfactory bulb, cerebellum, midbrain, spinal cord – Function: Regulation of attention, arousal, sleepwake cycles, learning and memory, anxiety and pain, mood, brain metabolism ...
Crapse (2008) Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
... “corollary discharge” (CD) to denote motor-related signals that influence sensory processing, but his conception was less specific as to where the branch from motor to sensory pathways should emerge. In this Review we compare motor-to-sensory circuits across different species and different levels of ...
Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural Dynamics in the
... generation of ultraprecise neurological and psychiatric therapeutics via cell-type-specific optical neural control prosthetics. INTRODUCTION The rhesus macaque is an important model species for understanding neural computation, cognition, and behavior, as well as for probing the circuit-level basis ...
... generation of ultraprecise neurological and psychiatric therapeutics via cell-type-specific optical neural control prosthetics. INTRODUCTION The rhesus macaque is an important model species for understanding neural computation, cognition, and behavior, as well as for probing the circuit-level basis ...
Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
... distinctions were by no means clear-cut [4]. Furthermore, an ever-increasing number of brain-imaging studies show that the basal ganglia and the cerebellum are involved in non-motor tasks, such as mental imagery [5,6], sensory processing [7–9], planning [10,11•,12], attention [13], and language [14– ...
Neural Basis of Visually Guided Head Movements Studied With fMRI
... et al. 1997). Performing eye movements leads to BOLD signal increases in a cortical network consisting of areas in the precentral sulcus (frontal eye fields, FEF), in the medial superior frontal cortex (supplementary eye fields, SEF), in the intraparietal sulcus (parietal eye fields, PEF), in the pr ...
... et al. 1997). Performing eye movements leads to BOLD signal increases in a cortical network consisting of areas in the precentral sulcus (frontal eye fields, FEF), in the medial superior frontal cortex (supplementary eye fields, SEF), in the intraparietal sulcus (parietal eye fields, PEF), in the pr ...
BRAIN Response inhibition and serotonin in autism: depletion
... neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which are implicated in the condition. However, this has never been tested directly. We therefore assessed the modifying role of serotonin on inhibitory brain function during a Go/No-Go task in 14 adults with autism and normal intelligence and 14 control subject ...
... neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, which are implicated in the condition. However, this has never been tested directly. We therefore assessed the modifying role of serotonin on inhibitory brain function during a Go/No-Go task in 14 adults with autism and normal intelligence and 14 control subject ...
CNBC onnect - cnbc.cmu.edu - Center for Neural Basis of Cognition
... however, a gap in detailed understanding of the features processed in mid-level vision. This is complicated by the fact that there is feedback from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting t ...
... however, a gap in detailed understanding of the features processed in mid-level vision. This is complicated by the fact that there is feedback from the higher- to lower-level cortices. To better understand such featural processing, and especially to account for feedback effects, Yang is exploiting t ...
Neural integration
... Somatic Motor Pathways The Corticospinal Pathway Motor homunculus Primary motor cortex corresponds point by point with specific regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, f ...
... Somatic Motor Pathways The Corticospinal Pathway Motor homunculus Primary motor cortex corresponds point by point with specific regions of the body Cortical areas have been mapped out in diagrammatic form Homunculus provides indication of degree of fine motor control available: – hands, f ...
ling411-13-FunctionalWebs - OWL-Space
... “If neurons in the functional web are strongly linked, they should show similar response properties in neurophysiological experiments. “If the neurons of the functional web are necessary for the optimal processing of the represented entity, lesion of a significant portion of the network neurons must ...
... “If neurons in the functional web are strongly linked, they should show similar response properties in neurophysiological experiments. “If the neurons of the functional web are necessary for the optimal processing of the represented entity, lesion of a significant portion of the network neurons must ...
The role of Pitx3 in survival of midbrain dopaminergic neurons
... A10 group and the retrorubral field located in the A8 group. Dopamine neurons of the VTA with their efferents to the nucleus accumbens, other limbic brain areas and the cortex form the mesolimbic=cortical pathways, and are involved in the control of emotional behaviors and reward. In addition, specifi ...
... A10 group and the retrorubral field located in the A8 group. Dopamine neurons of the VTA with their efferents to the nucleus accumbens, other limbic brain areas and the cortex form the mesolimbic=cortical pathways, and are involved in the control of emotional behaviors and reward. In addition, specifi ...
Time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial oxidative damage and
... In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in t ...
... In the present study, we investigate the hypothesis that mitochondrial oxidative damage and dysfunction precede the onset of neuronal loss after controlled cortical impact traumatic brain injury (TBI) in mice. Accordingly, we evaluated the time course of post-traumatic mitochondrial dysfunction in t ...
pjp6`2001.vp:CorelVentura 7.0 - Institute of Pharmacology
... both ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra did not show GR-immunopositive material. Above data are in sharp contrast to the data collected from the locus coeruleus, which has been used as a positive control, where we observed a clear co-localization of GR with TH. In conclusion, the obtained r ...
... both ventral tegmental area and substantia nigra did not show GR-immunopositive material. Above data are in sharp contrast to the data collected from the locus coeruleus, which has been used as a positive control, where we observed a clear co-localization of GR with TH. In conclusion, the obtained r ...
November 2000 Volume 3 Number Supp pp 1184
... required to solve working memory tasks. Thus, this type of shortterm memory relies on the maintenance of elevated firing rates in specific subpopulations of neurons rather than on synaptic plasticity, which might underlie long-term memory. The phenomena and mechanisms discussed here are not necessar ...
... required to solve working memory tasks. Thus, this type of shortterm memory relies on the maintenance of elevated firing rates in specific subpopulations of neurons rather than on synaptic plasticity, which might underlie long-term memory. The phenomena and mechanisms discussed here are not necessar ...
Cerebellum Learning objectives At the end of this lecture, the
... Refers to disordered contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles and lack of coordination between movements at different joints typically seen in patients with cerebellar lesions. Normal movements require coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles at different joints in order for movement to ...
... Refers to disordered contractions of agonist and antagonist muscles and lack of coordination between movements at different joints typically seen in patients with cerebellar lesions. Normal movements require coordination of agonist and antagonist muscles at different joints in order for movement to ...
Mammalian Cerebral Cortex: Embryonic Development
... neurons anchored to the first lamina by their apical dendrites and smooth somata with short descending axons. Eventually these pyramidal neurons become the major component of the cortical gray matter (Chapters 3 and 4). Consequently, the term “neocortex” often used to describe the mammalian cerebral ...
... neurons anchored to the first lamina by their apical dendrites and smooth somata with short descending axons. Eventually these pyramidal neurons become the major component of the cortical gray matter (Chapters 3 and 4). Consequently, the term “neocortex” often used to describe the mammalian cerebral ...
Activity 1 - Web Adventures
... electrical signal passed from the dendrites to the cell body of the neuron (move the lightning bolt along Neuron 1). From there the signal traveled at up to 250 miles per hour, down the axon carrying signals away from the cell body and on to other places. Suddenly, the signal reached a synapse (have ...
... electrical signal passed from the dendrites to the cell body of the neuron (move the lightning bolt along Neuron 1). From there the signal traveled at up to 250 miles per hour, down the axon carrying signals away from the cell body and on to other places. Suddenly, the signal reached a synapse (have ...
Neuronal fiber tracts connecting the brain and ventral nerve cord of
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
... behaviors involving movement of the wings, legs, and abdomen) and subesophageal ganglion (CPGs controlling behaviors involving the mouth parts; Burrows, 1996; Heinrich, 2002). Given that many behaviors make use of the same muscles/ motor neurons (e.g., wing beating in flies is part of flight and matin ...
Linking Topography to Tonotopy in the Mouse Auditory
... of neurons, while other features, such as the representations for pitch, sound level, spectral integration, and binaural or temporal modulation preference are clustered into a patchwork of spatially discrete modules grouped by laminae or cortical subregion (Middlebrooks et al., 1980; Schreiner and M ...
... of neurons, while other features, such as the representations for pitch, sound level, spectral integration, and binaural or temporal modulation preference are clustered into a patchwork of spatially discrete modules grouped by laminae or cortical subregion (Middlebrooks et al., 1980; Schreiner and M ...
Mirror neurons and the 8 parallel consciousnesses
... focus on some goal (e.g., food) selected by their emotions. In such beings, unconscious memory is needed to store images relating to previous experiences so that they can be recognized, and duly acted upon, at a later date. As we will see, unconscious emotion, attention and memory are also used in c ...
... focus on some goal (e.g., food) selected by their emotions. In such beings, unconscious memory is needed to store images relating to previous experiences so that they can be recognized, and duly acted upon, at a later date. As we will see, unconscious emotion, attention and memory are also used in c ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... not been supported (e.g., Reisenzein, 1983). For example, a number of researchers (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990; Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957; Russell, 1980) have suggested that emotion is best represented on a circumplex (two orthogonal axes). The first axis, commonly labeled the valence axi ...
... not been supported (e.g., Reisenzein, 1983). For example, a number of researchers (Lang, Bradley, & Cuthbert, 1990; Osgood, Suci, & Tannenbaum, 1957; Russell, 1980) have suggested that emotion is best represented on a circumplex (two orthogonal axes). The first axis, commonly labeled the valence axi ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.