Three-dimensional reconstruction of the lentiform nucleus from
... was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower poles. The distances between the upper and lower poles were 2.23 cm in the putamen and 1.45 cm in the globus pallidus. The lower poles of the putamen and globus pallidus were about the same level but the upper pole of the putame ...
... was found that both the putamen and globus pallidus had upper and lower poles. The distances between the upper and lower poles were 2.23 cm in the putamen and 1.45 cm in the globus pallidus. The lower poles of the putamen and globus pallidus were about the same level but the upper pole of the putame ...
Mutations affecting the development of the embryonic zebrafish brain
... scaffold have been studied to investigate abnormalities in regionalization, neurogenesis and axonogenesis in the brain. Mutants can be broadly classified into two groups, one affecting regionalization along the anterior-posterior or dorsal-ventral axis, and the other affecting general features of br ...
... scaffold have been studied to investigate abnormalities in regionalization, neurogenesis and axonogenesis in the brain. Mutants can be broadly classified into two groups, one affecting regionalization along the anterior-posterior or dorsal-ventral axis, and the other affecting general features of br ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... time, whereas in left inferior frontal cortex larger decreases were observed when repetitions were spaced out over time. This differential modulation of activity in distinct brain regions provides support for the idea that long-lasting object priming is mediated by two neural mechanisms. The first m ...
... time, whereas in left inferior frontal cortex larger decreases were observed when repetitions were spaced out over time. This differential modulation of activity in distinct brain regions provides support for the idea that long-lasting object priming is mediated by two neural mechanisms. The first m ...
Intention, Action Planning, and Decision Making in Parietal
... the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final section, we will show examples of ‘‘proof of concept’’ in which the action-related activity in the PPC and PMd cortex can be decoded and used to provide control signals for neural prosthetic applications. ...
... the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd), and other areas within the PPC, such as area 5. In the final section, we will show examples of ‘‘proof of concept’’ in which the action-related activity in the PPC and PMd cortex can be decoded and used to provide control signals for neural prosthetic applications. ...
Computational modeling of responses in human visual
... ventral sections of V3. This nested organization for V1-V3 is typical of non-human primates. But the confirmation that this organization is present in human was only made in the early 1990s by a combination of neurology and fMRI (20, 21, 23-25). Visual stimuli elicit activity in about twenty percent ...
... ventral sections of V3. This nested organization for V1-V3 is typical of non-human primates. But the confirmation that this organization is present in human was only made in the early 1990s by a combination of neurology and fMRI (20, 21, 23-25). Visual stimuli elicit activity in about twenty percent ...
A Learning Rule for the Emergence of Stable Dynamics and Timing
... neurons did not result in any suprathreshold activity in the other neurons. With training, the learning rule was effective in generating network activity. However, it did not converge to a steady state in which neurons stabilized at their target activity level. Instead, oscillatory behavior was obse ...
... neurons did not result in any suprathreshold activity in the other neurons. With training, the learning rule was effective in generating network activity. However, it did not converge to a steady state in which neurons stabilized at their target activity level. Instead, oscillatory behavior was obse ...
State-Dependent TMS Reveals a Hierarchical
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
... that action understanding takes place in the ventral part of the dorsal stream (Rizzolatti and Matelli 2003), others claim that actions are fully recognized and categorized outside the motor system, in the ventral stream (Mahon and Caramazza 2008). In order to further investigate the relative contri ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
Contemporary Principles of Pathologic Neurotoxicity Assessment in
... Losing these cells yields profound long-term negative effects. Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter, involved in regulating normal functions as well as diseases (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, sleep, vomiting). Drugs which interact with the serotonergic system include Prozac, Zofran and ma ...
... Losing these cells yields profound long-term negative effects. Serotonin is an important neurotransmitter, involved in regulating normal functions as well as diseases (e.g., depression, anxiety, stress, sleep, vomiting). Drugs which interact with the serotonergic system include Prozac, Zofran and ma ...
avian brain nomenclature forum
... majority of the septum and several basal forebrain groups that include the large cholinergic cells and the stria terminalis nuclear complex (part of it erroneously named nucleus accumbens in the past; see below). It is not definitively clear at present whether a small part of the archistriatum is al ...
... majority of the septum and several basal forebrain groups that include the large cholinergic cells and the stria terminalis nuclear complex (part of it erroneously named nucleus accumbens in the past; see below). It is not definitively clear at present whether a small part of the archistriatum is al ...
Modelling Cerebellar Function in Saccadic Adaptation
... In some respects animal movements better than robot movement Could in part be due to characteristics of biological control algorithms Which region of the brain particularly concerned with skilled movement? ...
... In some respects animal movements better than robot movement Could in part be due to characteristics of biological control algorithms Which region of the brain particularly concerned with skilled movement? ...
Reinforcement, and Punishment Striatal Mechanisms Underlying
... that drive movement, whereas negative feelings may share common circuitry with cells that inhibit movement. Links between movement, reinforcement, and reward are apparent in many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Depression is commonly described by deficits in reward function, coupled with heig ...
... that drive movement, whereas negative feelings may share common circuitry with cells that inhibit movement. Links between movement, reinforcement, and reward are apparent in many neurological and psychiatric diseases. Depression is commonly described by deficits in reward function, coupled with heig ...
Full version (PDF file)
... and primates. The density of CR+ neurons decreases with increasing depth in neocortex and therefore they are quite rare in infragranular layers, when compared to the supragranular ones. The CR+ neurons most commonly possess bipolar or bitufted (two tufts of dendrites originating from the opposite ce ...
... and primates. The density of CR+ neurons decreases with increasing depth in neocortex and therefore they are quite rare in infragranular layers, when compared to the supragranular ones. The CR+ neurons most commonly possess bipolar or bitufted (two tufts of dendrites originating from the opposite ce ...
Brain Electrical Activity During Waking and Sleep States
... * Desynchronization is an improper term to characterize active state since cognitive operations are associated with fast frequency (gamma) synchronized oscillations in large scale networks. ...
... * Desynchronization is an improper term to characterize active state since cognitive operations are associated with fast frequency (gamma) synchronized oscillations in large scale networks. ...
Sample
... d) quick succession Incorrect. This is not the term referred to by the book. ANS: A, p. 45, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 22. The term “fire” when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron ___________. a) has become less positive in charge b) has received, in its ...
... d) quick succession Incorrect. This is not the term referred to by the book. ANS: A, p. 45, C, (2) Section: Brain Circuits: Making Connections 22. The term “fire” when referring to neural transmission indicates that a neuron ___________. a) has become less positive in charge b) has received, in its ...
Lecture 3 Figure 1
... Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers arise in the frontal eye fields (areas 6 and 8 in caudal portions of the middle frontal gyrus), the precentral gyrus (somatomotor cortex, area 4), and some originate from the postcentral gyrus (areas 3,1, 2). Fibers from area 4 occupy the genu of the internal caps ...
... Corticonuclear (corticobulbar) fibers arise in the frontal eye fields (areas 6 and 8 in caudal portions of the middle frontal gyrus), the precentral gyrus (somatomotor cortex, area 4), and some originate from the postcentral gyrus (areas 3,1, 2). Fibers from area 4 occupy the genu of the internal caps ...
L13 - Cranial nerve VIII
... posture, maintenance of equilibrium, co-ordination of head & eye movements and the conscious awareness of vestibular stimulation . ...
... posture, maintenance of equilibrium, co-ordination of head & eye movements and the conscious awareness of vestibular stimulation . ...
PDF
... ter-type layer were more weakly correlated, while neurons within different eye-specific layers had the weakest, but still significant, correlations. If each retina independently generates spontaneous bursts of activity, there should be essentially no correlation between the patterns of spontaneous a ...
... ter-type layer were more weakly correlated, while neurons within different eye-specific layers had the weakest, but still significant, correlations. If each retina independently generates spontaneous bursts of activity, there should be essentially no correlation between the patterns of spontaneous a ...
Contributions of cortical feedback to sensory processing in primary
... state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), hyperactive V1 has been observed in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder who score highly on scales for re-experiencing (Zhu et al., 2014). In addition to feedback from higher visual areas, such as during occlusion or illusion, top–down i ...
... state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), hyperactive V1 has been observed in individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder who score highly on scales for re-experiencing (Zhu et al., 2014). In addition to feedback from higher visual areas, such as during occlusion or illusion, top–down i ...
Temporal and Spatial Integration in the Rat SI Vibrissa Cortex
... all reveal a similar angular sensitivity. These physiological data have been interpreted to mean that each barrel is the morphological correlate in layer IV of a functional cortical column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (53, 56; see also Refs. 7, 36). The findings also indicate ...
... all reveal a similar angular sensitivity. These physiological data have been interpreted to mean that each barrel is the morphological correlate in layer IV of a functional cortical column that extends throughout the thickness of the cortex (53, 56; see also Refs. 7, 36). The findings also indicate ...
Role of right pregenual anterior cingulate cortex in self
... Subjects signed consent forms and were then seated in a well-lit, 3 m 6 m experiment room. All stimuli and instructions were presented on a 21-inch color television monitor at a distance of 1.75 m from the subject. Subjects participated in our standard day-long assessment of emotional functioning ...
... Subjects signed consent forms and were then seated in a well-lit, 3 m 6 m experiment room. All stimuli and instructions were presented on a 21-inch color television monitor at a distance of 1.75 m from the subject. Subjects participated in our standard day-long assessment of emotional functioning ...
Temporal Profiles of Axon Terminals, Synapses and Spines in the
... minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 points were selected based on the stroke index score determined du ...
... minutes each time, with a 5-hour interval between the 2 occlusions, anesthesia was discontinued immediately after each cervical surgery, the animals soon became awake and moved spontaneously. Ischemia-positive animals registering ⬎13 points were selected based on the stroke index score determined du ...
University of Groningen The hearing brain in males and
... represents the first stage of the parallel processing in the auditory system. The cochlea is tonotopically organized, which means that each frequency component of a sound stimulates a distinct region of the cochlea. The nerve fibers throughout the auditory system are organized in a systematic way th ...
... represents the first stage of the parallel processing in the auditory system. The cochlea is tonotopically organized, which means that each frequency component of a sound stimulates a distinct region of the cochlea. The nerve fibers throughout the auditory system are organized in a systematic way th ...
Corticofugal Amplification of Subcortical Responses to Single Tone
... subcortical responses to single tone stimuli in the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3489–3492, 1997. Since 1962, physiological data of corticofugal effects on subcortical auditory neurons have been controversial: inhibitory, excitatory, or both. An inhibitory effect has been much more frequently ...
... subcortical responses to single tone stimuli in the mustached bat. J. Neurophysiol. 78: 3489–3492, 1997. Since 1962, physiological data of corticofugal effects on subcortical auditory neurons have been controversial: inhibitory, excitatory, or both. An inhibitory effect has been much more frequently ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.