Spinal Cord Injury - Deranged Physiology
... neurons, located primarily in laminae I or V. The axons of these 2nd order lamina I and V neurons, then both ascend (not more than 1 or 2 segments) and cross to the opposite side to enter the "spinothalamic tract" within the ventral (anterior) part of the lateral column. The spinothalamic tract is a ...
... neurons, located primarily in laminae I or V. The axons of these 2nd order lamina I and V neurons, then both ascend (not more than 1 or 2 segments) and cross to the opposite side to enter the "spinothalamic tract" within the ventral (anterior) part of the lateral column. The spinothalamic tract is a ...
Temporal and spatial neural dynamics in the perception of basic
... affiliative or approach responses. Therefore, the neural signature of sadness and happiness may involve a slower unfolding over time than that of fear or disgust (Fredrickson, 1998; Baumeister et al., 2001). Aside from its theoretical relevance, including the time element in our current understandin ...
... affiliative or approach responses. Therefore, the neural signature of sadness and happiness may involve a slower unfolding over time than that of fear or disgust (Fredrickson, 1998; Baumeister et al., 2001). Aside from its theoretical relevance, including the time element in our current understandin ...
A Moderate Approach to Embodied Cognitive Science
... because the later a function comes on board, the more likely it is that there will already be useful neural circuits that can be incorporated in the service of the new function (2010: 246). In several publications Anderson reports an assortment of evidence that supports these and related predictions ...
... because the later a function comes on board, the more likely it is that there will already be useful neural circuits that can be incorporated in the service of the new function (2010: 246). In several publications Anderson reports an assortment of evidence that supports these and related predictions ...
Loss of autophagy in the central nervous system causes
... neurites, because they were observed in myelinated axons around pontine nuclei using both light and electron microscopy (Supplementary Fig. S3a, b). In contrast, almost no ubiquitin dots were observed in astroglial cells (Supplementary Fig. S3c). Together with the results in Fig. 3, we concluded tha ...
... neurites, because they were observed in myelinated axons around pontine nuclei using both light and electron microscopy (Supplementary Fig. S3a, b). In contrast, almost no ubiquitin dots were observed in astroglial cells (Supplementary Fig. S3c). Together with the results in Fig. 3, we concluded tha ...
The affective and cognitive processing of touch, oral texture, and
... stimulus, recognize it, and learn about where it is in the environment for future use (Rolls, 2005). This is a fundamental aspect of brain design (Rolls, 2005, 2008a). Decision-making about whether to select an affective stimulus may involve a further tier of representation beyond that involved in r ...
... stimulus, recognize it, and learn about where it is in the environment for future use (Rolls, 2005). This is a fundamental aspect of brain design (Rolls, 2005, 2008a). Decision-making about whether to select an affective stimulus may involve a further tier of representation beyond that involved in r ...
Patterns of neuronal migration in the embryonic cortex
... telencephalon [75]. This has been confirmed in recent experiments including those based on cortical explants isolated from ventral telencephalon [13], fate-mapping studies of transgenic mice [14], and transcription factor expression in pyramidal neurons [15]. Recent studies using time-lapse imaging ...
... telencephalon [75]. This has been confirmed in recent experiments including those based on cortical explants isolated from ventral telencephalon [13], fate-mapping studies of transgenic mice [14], and transcription factor expression in pyramidal neurons [15]. Recent studies using time-lapse imaging ...
Auditory Cortex (1)
... 1. Woolsey CN and Walzl EM. Topical projection of nerve fibers from local regions of the cochlea to the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primar ...
... 1. Woolsey CN and Walzl EM. Topical projection of nerve fibers from local regions of the cochlea to the cerebral cortex of the cat. Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 71: 315-344, 1942. 2. Evans EF, Ross HF and Whitfield IC. The spatial distribution of unit characteristic frequency in the primar ...
Brain networks underlying episodic memory retrieval
... Memory signals within the MTL The MTL — the hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices — has long been recognized as a key brain area supporting episodic memory. Reminiscent of electrophysiological findings in primates [4], fMRI studies have reported that perirhi ...
... Memory signals within the MTL The MTL — the hippocampus and surrounding perirhinal, entorhinal and parahippocampal cortices — has long been recognized as a key brain area supporting episodic memory. Reminiscent of electrophysiological findings in primates [4], fMRI studies have reported that perirhi ...
Transcripts/01_15 11
... i. Each region includes medial and lateral zones. Medial and lateral also include Periventricular Zone. ii. Don’t get caught up in this, it will be more important for you to learn the thalamic nuclei than the hypothalamic nuclei so we are not listing them today. They just want us to be aware that th ...
... i. Each region includes medial and lateral zones. Medial and lateral also include Periventricular Zone. ii. Don’t get caught up in this, it will be more important for you to learn the thalamic nuclei than the hypothalamic nuclei so we are not listing them today. They just want us to be aware that th ...
The Molecular and Neuroanatomical Basis for Estrogen Effects in
... which estrogens can interact with signaling pathways involving cell surface receptors and thereby participate in cellular events also regulated by growth factors and neurotransmitters. These processes (summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 1) are often interrelated at the level of intracellular signaling, ...
... which estrogens can interact with signaling pathways involving cell surface receptors and thereby participate in cellular events also regulated by growth factors and neurotransmitters. These processes (summarized in Table 1 and Fig. 1) are often interrelated at the level of intracellular signaling, ...
Mental Imagery in Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review
... sensory and perceptual processes, enabling the reactivation of specific motor actions within working memory [2]. Imagination, as a process, is not dependent on the ability to execute a movement but rather on the central processing mechanisms [3]. It, hence, requires the ability to form internal repr ...
... sensory and perceptual processes, enabling the reactivation of specific motor actions within working memory [2]. Imagination, as a process, is not dependent on the ability to execute a movement but rather on the central processing mechanisms [3]. It, hence, requires the ability to form internal repr ...
cortico-cortical feedback controls spatial summation in
... marked electrode lesions (arrows) amid ArchT-GFP expressing axons in V1. C) ArchTGFP expression is confined to axons in V1 while large number of V2 cells are labeled, confirming that the viral vector combination we have developed provides purely anterograde labeling. D) Borders of cortical layers we ...
... marked electrode lesions (arrows) amid ArchT-GFP expressing axons in V1. C) ArchTGFP expression is confined to axons in V1 while large number of V2 cells are labeled, confirming that the viral vector combination we have developed provides purely anterograde labeling. D) Borders of cortical layers we ...
The Nervous system
... An action potential is a reversal and restoration of the charge difference across the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original distribution of ions Action potentials are all-or-none events A neuron cannot fire during the refractory period ...
... An action potential is a reversal and restoration of the charge difference across the membrane The sodium-potassium pump restores the original distribution of ions Action potentials are all-or-none events A neuron cannot fire during the refractory period ...
Chib et al., 2009 - Rangel Neuroeconomics Laboratory
... Experiment protocol. Subjects were instructed to refrain from eating or drinking any liquids, besides water, for 4 h before the experiment. Subjects were also instructed that they would have to remain in the laboratory for 30 min following the experiment, during which time the only thing they would ...
... Experiment protocol. Subjects were instructed to refrain from eating or drinking any liquids, besides water, for 4 h before the experiment. Subjects were also instructed that they would have to remain in the laboratory for 30 min following the experiment, during which time the only thing they would ...
The Effects of Local Fetal Brain Extract Administration
... saturated response was recorded. At this location, the recorded CMAP were saved. Then, the recorded CMAP from animals, in each group and at each stage, were averaged and a printout of each was taken. Finally, the delay time (latency) of averaged records of experimental and control rats were measured ...
... saturated response was recorded. At this location, the recorded CMAP were saved. Then, the recorded CMAP from animals, in each group and at each stage, were averaged and a printout of each was taken. Finally, the delay time (latency) of averaged records of experimental and control rats were measured ...
Switching from automatic to controlled behavior: cortico - lsr
... after the error feedback, which are thought to be generated in the ACC [2]. Similar error-related potentials are recorded using electrodes placed in the monkey and human ACC [25–27], which might be associated with the error-induced burst firing of ACC neurons described above. The sensitivity of ACC ...
... after the error feedback, which are thought to be generated in the ACC [2]. Similar error-related potentials are recorded using electrodes placed in the monkey and human ACC [25–27], which might be associated with the error-induced burst firing of ACC neurons described above. The sensitivity of ACC ...
The fish: What potential for awareness?
... There have been reports of functionally normal individuals who display apparently normal consciousness and IQ levels but lack the normal degree of neocortical expansion (Edelman & Tononi 2000). It has also been demonstrated that a persistent vegetative state (PVS) may result from damage to thalami ...
... There have been reports of functionally normal individuals who display apparently normal consciousness and IQ levels but lack the normal degree of neocortical expansion (Edelman & Tononi 2000). It has also been demonstrated that a persistent vegetative state (PVS) may result from damage to thalami ...
Chapter 21: Attention - Biology Courses Server
... Colliculus work for explaining these findings ...
... Colliculus work for explaining these findings ...
Membrane potential synchrony of simultaneously recorded striatal
... medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum seems to depend on convergent input within these information channels2. To determine the degree of correlated input, both below and at threshold for the generation of action potentials, we recorded intracellularly from pairs of spiny neurons in vivo. Here w ...
... medium-sized spiny neurons in the striatum seems to depend on convergent input within these information channels2. To determine the degree of correlated input, both below and at threshold for the generation of action potentials, we recorded intracellularly from pairs of spiny neurons in vivo. Here w ...
Properties of spike train spectra in two parietal reach areas
... that was spatially tuned. Many single cell PRR spectra exhibited spatially tuned temporal structure, as evidenced by a significant and spatially tuned peak in the 20–50 Hz band. The PRR population spectrum of spike trains was also tuned, with the peak power centered on approximately 25 Hz. In contra ...
... that was spatially tuned. Many single cell PRR spectra exhibited spatially tuned temporal structure, as evidenced by a significant and spatially tuned peak in the 20–50 Hz band. The PRR population spectrum of spike trains was also tuned, with the peak power centered on approximately 25 Hz. In contra ...
Proceedings of 2013 BMI the Second International Conference on
... unable to move. Conventional assistive devices for people with severe motor disabilities are inherently limited, often relying on residual motor function for their use. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to provide a more powerful signal source by tapping into the rich information content that is ...
... unable to move. Conventional assistive devices for people with severe motor disabilities are inherently limited, often relying on residual motor function for their use. Brain-computer interfaces (BCIs) aim to provide a more powerful signal source by tapping into the rich information content that is ...
Use of an Amino-Cupric-Silver Technique for the Detection of Early
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
... stored in fixative for 2-3 days. Good results, however, have been obtained in sections that have been postfixed for only 25 h or at the other extreme for 2-3 months in a refrigerator (4°C). The postfixation eventually suppresses normal fiber staining; at 24 h some normal fibers will be stained, whil ...
article in press - Neurobiology of Vocal Communication
... Experimental brain lesioning studies in animals and neurological investigations in brain-lesioned patients have made clear that there are a number of brain areas necessary for the production of learned vocal patterns, but dispensable for the production of innate vocal patterns. Such areas are, for i ...
... Experimental brain lesioning studies in animals and neurological investigations in brain-lesioned patients have made clear that there are a number of brain areas necessary for the production of learned vocal patterns, but dispensable for the production of innate vocal patterns. Such areas are, for i ...
Role of neurons and glia in the CNS actions of the renin
... ROLE OF CNS RAS, NEURONS, AND GLIA IN CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL ...
... ROLE OF CNS RAS, NEURONS, AND GLIA IN CARDIOVASCULAR CONTROL ...
Neuroplasticity
Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.