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A1987K582900002
A1987K582900002

... the basket plexus that surrounds virtually every pyramidal neuron was composed of numerous GABAergic axon terminals. In fact, the axon terminals that contact the axon initial segments of these same neurons were also GABAergic. These findings suggested that two types of stellate neuron, basket and ch ...
File
File

... Sub-Primary: Cerebellum Form: The cerebellum is a large mass of tissue located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum and posterior to the pons and medulla oblongata. It consists of two lateral hemispheres partially separated by a layer of dura mater (falx cerebelli) and connected in the midline ...
Chapter 11
Chapter 11

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Guided Notes

... Regeneration: A. Introduction i. mature neurons incapable of cell division ii. ________ nerve axons can regenerate successfully if cell body is not destroyed iii. Uninjured cell body swells to prepare to synthesize proteins to support regeneration 1. axon regeneration = ______________________ 2. gre ...
Chapter 3 Notes (part 1) 1. Basic Elements of the Nervous System (a
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...  responsible for activation of the body as part of “fight or flight” response  parasympathetic division  responsible for non-fight/flight functions such as peristalsis and release of digestive enzymes (b) Brain Anatomy and Localization of Function i. Neuroplasticity and Neurogenesis A. neurogenes ...
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Sample pages 2 PDF
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... These structures can be located in the brain and have a distinct form similar to a small organ. But other structures are less physically differentiated. Instead, cells located in particular areas perform unified functions. These groups of neurons that are clustered together are given names to distin ...
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Neuroplasticity



Neuroplasticity, also known as brain plasticity, is an umbrella term that encompasses both synaptic plasticity and non-synaptic plasticity—it refers to changes in neural pathways and synapses due to changes in behavior, environment, neural processes, thinking, and emotions – as well as to changes resulting from bodily injury. The concept of neuroplasticity has replaced the formerly-held position that the brain is a physiologically static organ, and explores how – and in which ways – the brain changes in the course of a lifetime.Neuroplasticity occurs on a variety of levels, ranging from cellular changes (due to learning) to large-scale changes involved in cortical remapping in response to injury. The role of neuroplasticity is widely recognized in healthy development, learning, memory, and recovery from brain damage. During most of the 20th century, neuroscientists maintained a scientific consensus that brain structure was relatively immutable after a critical period during early childhood. This belief has been challenged by findings revealing that many aspects of the brain remain plastic even into adulthood.Hubel and Wiesel had demonstrated that ocular dominance columns in the lowest neocortical visual area, V1, remained largely immutable after the critical period in development. Researchers also studied critical periods with respect to language; the resulting data suggested that sensory pathways were fixed after the critical period. However, studies determined that environmental changes could alter behavior and cognition by modifying connections between existing neurons and via neurogenesis in the hippocampus and in other parts of the brain, including in the cerebellum.Decades of research have shown that substantial changes occur in the lowest neocortical processing areas, and that these changes can profoundly alter the pattern of neuronal activation in response to experience. Neuroscientific research indicates that experience can actually change both the brain's physical structure (anatomy) and functional organization (physiology). As of 2014 neuroscientists are engaged in a reconciliation of critical-period studies (demonstrating the immutability of the brain after development) with the more recent research showing how the brain can, and does, change in response to hitherto unsuspected stimuli.
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