Pansynaptic Enlargement at Adult Cortical
... We measured the PSF of our imaging system using 0.10 μm diameter beads (TetraSpeck, Invitrogen), which are loaded with fluorescent dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full ...
... We measured the PSF of our imaging system using 0.10 μm diameter beads (TetraSpeck, Invitrogen), which are loaded with fluorescent dyes with similar absorption and emission peaks to the AF488 and AF568 used to fill neurons (Supplementary Fig. S3A,B). The size of the PSF is usually measured by the full ...
neuron number decreases in the rat ventral, but not dorsal, medial
... software program automatically and randomly moves a counting frame containing appropriate ‘acceptance’ and ‘forbidden’ lines (area or Aframe of 45⫻45 m and height (h) of the section thickness excluding the 3 m thick guard zones) within each region of interest in order to obtain correct stereologic ...
... software program automatically and randomly moves a counting frame containing appropriate ‘acceptance’ and ‘forbidden’ lines (area or Aframe of 45⫻45 m and height (h) of the section thickness excluding the 3 m thick guard zones) within each region of interest in order to obtain correct stereologic ...
Guzowski et al - Psychology and Neuroscience
... This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to information processing from activity that may be due to stress, novelty, motor activity or other processes that accompany the behavioral r ...
... This uncertainty stems from the methodologies used in most IEG studies, which have made it difficult to distinguish gene induction that is specifically linked to information processing from activity that may be due to stress, novelty, motor activity or other processes that accompany the behavioral r ...
Cerebellar Anatomy, Biochemistry, and Physiology
... between human genetics and animal models may eventually improve our therapeutics for these diseases. The child’s cerebellar gray and white matter are both developing, resulting in the child learning to control eye movements, muscles of speech, axial truncal muscles, and distal muscles. At a gross st ...
... between human genetics and animal models may eventually improve our therapeutics for these diseases. The child’s cerebellar gray and white matter are both developing, resulting in the child learning to control eye movements, muscles of speech, axial truncal muscles, and distal muscles. At a gross st ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... nucleus directly, and some project on to the motor cortex by way of the ventral thalamus. Most of the input to the motor cortex, via thalamus, derives from CN neurons in a relatively small dorsal zone of dentate. Both the red nucleus and the motor cortex transmit voluntary movement commands to motor ...
... nucleus directly, and some project on to the motor cortex by way of the ventral thalamus. Most of the input to the motor cortex, via thalamus, derives from CN neurons in a relatively small dorsal zone of dentate. Both the red nucleus and the motor cortex transmit voluntary movement commands to motor ...
Plasticity in the Nervous System of Adult Hydra. III. Conversion of
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
... same rate as, the epithelial cells. Thus, neurons are also continuously lost with the epithelial tissue by sloughing at the extremities or into buds (Yaross et al., 1986). The steady state is maintained as new neurons arise by differentiation constantly and are added to the net throughout most of th ...
Homeostatic plasticity mechanisms in mouse V1
... The neural flip-flop is only the most extreme case. For any typical neural circuit, one has to ask how the homeostatic set point of each cell in the circuit is reconciled with those of the neurons that it excites or inhibits. However, once established, perhaps by a slow plasticity process during dev ...
... The neural flip-flop is only the most extreme case. For any typical neural circuit, one has to ask how the homeostatic set point of each cell in the circuit is reconciled with those of the neurons that it excites or inhibits. However, once established, perhaps by a slow plasticity process during dev ...
PINP: A New Method of Tagging Neuronal Populations
... Neural circuits are exquisitely organized, consisting of many different neuronal subpopulations. However, it is difficult to assess the functional roles of these subpopulations using conventional extracellular recording techniques because these techniques do not easily distinguish spikes from differ ...
... Neural circuits are exquisitely organized, consisting of many different neuronal subpopulations. However, it is difficult to assess the functional roles of these subpopulations using conventional extracellular recording techniques because these techniques do not easily distinguish spikes from differ ...
Modulation of Synaptic Transmission to Second
... observation of ␣1-adrenoreceptors inhibition of eEPSCs. After washout of PE, application of the ␣1-adrenoreceptor selective antagonist 10 M prazosin did not significantly change the amplitudes of eEPSCs (104.5 ⫾ 8.9% of control), suggesting ␣1-adrenoreceptors were not tonically active in our prepar ...
... observation of ␣1-adrenoreceptors inhibition of eEPSCs. After washout of PE, application of the ␣1-adrenoreceptor selective antagonist 10 M prazosin did not significantly change the amplitudes of eEPSCs (104.5 ⫾ 8.9% of control), suggesting ␣1-adrenoreceptors were not tonically active in our prepar ...
a review with emphasis on the projections of specific thalamic nuclei
... evidence indicates that areas of the cerebral cortex project to thalamic nuclei having thalamofugal pro.iections to the same cortical area. More recent studies have confirmed this finding for many areas of the cerebral cortex (see discussions in Colwell’*, and White and ...
... evidence indicates that areas of the cerebral cortex project to thalamic nuclei having thalamofugal pro.iections to the same cortical area. More recent studies have confirmed this finding for many areas of the cerebral cortex (see discussions in Colwell’*, and White and ...
Formation, Maturation, and Disorders of Brain Neocortex
... Fig . 3 . Schematic hypothetical representation of radial glial cell (RGC) distribution pattern during the different developmental stages in the mammalian neocortex. A , Early embryonic stages; radial glial cells are regularly aligned. 8, Migration stage of neurons destined for layers 6 to 4. The RG ...
... Fig . 3 . Schematic hypothetical representation of radial glial cell (RGC) distribution pattern during the different developmental stages in the mammalian neocortex. A , Early embryonic stages; radial glial cells are regularly aligned. 8, Migration stage of neurons destined for layers 6 to 4. The RG ...
Rapid Alterations in Diffusion-weighted Images with Anatomic
... MR imaging can detect seizure-induced brain lesions that are visible on T1- and T2-weighted images (4–6). Diffusion-weighted imaging, available on most clinical scanners, sensitizes the MR signal ...
... MR imaging can detect seizure-induced brain lesions that are visible on T1- and T2-weighted images (4–6). Diffusion-weighted imaging, available on most clinical scanners, sensitizes the MR signal ...
Epilepsy in Small
... Materials and Methods Structure of the network and connectivity. We generated simple network models of excitatory neurons in hippocampus. To keep the number of free parameters manageable, to more easily constrain activity to spread in a controlled manner, and to eliminate the effects of boundary con ...
... Materials and Methods Structure of the network and connectivity. We generated simple network models of excitatory neurons in hippocampus. To keep the number of free parameters manageable, to more easily constrain activity to spread in a controlled manner, and to eliminate the effects of boundary con ...
IBRO 2008
... differentiation, currently we recognise 3 types of pyramidal cells and at least 21 types of GABAergic neuron in the CA1 area of the hippocampus (refs 2-8) Why are so many independent sources of GABA needed for shaping the activity of pyramidal cells? A specialisation of GABA release times to differe ...
... differentiation, currently we recognise 3 types of pyramidal cells and at least 21 types of GABAergic neuron in the CA1 area of the hippocampus (refs 2-8) Why are so many independent sources of GABA needed for shaping the activity of pyramidal cells? A specialisation of GABA release times to differe ...
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... traced. Data were extracted for Sholl analysis, total dendritic length, branch number, and dendritic end number for each eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping ...
... traced. Data were extracted for Sholl analysis, total dendritic length, branch number, and dendritic end number for each eGFPþ neuron. Neurons were selected for analysis based on expression of eGFP throughout the cell body and its processes. Cells were excluded if they exhibit excessive overlapping ...
Structural Changes in AMPA-Receptive Neurons in the Nucleus of
... between the 2 strains. We measured blood pressure in 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These r ...
... between the 2 strains. We measured blood pressure in 5-week-old SHR and WKY and then examined their GluR1 puncta density in the NTS. The 5-week-old SHR were not hypertensive (Figure 2A), and they did not have a greater number of GluR1-labeled puncta compared with age-matched WKY (Figure 2C). These r ...
Identification of Mechanoafferent Neurons in Terrestrial Snail
... cutaneus secundus; Fig. 2A). In addition, the Pl4 neuron had a second axon branch that projected into the cerebral ganglion through the pleurocerebral connective (n ⫽ 5, Fig. 2B). In two cases, axons from the pleural sensory neurons were traced to the skin. ...
... cutaneus secundus; Fig. 2A). In addition, the Pl4 neuron had a second axon branch that projected into the cerebral ganglion through the pleurocerebral connective (n ⫽ 5, Fig. 2B). In two cases, axons from the pleural sensory neurons were traced to the skin. ...
1. An introductions to clinical neurology: path physiology, diagnosis
... covered by short-stemmed synaptic spines C8 of which each Purkinje cell has about 60 000. Different fiber systems terminate on these different synaptic surfaces of the cell-the climbing fibers on the smooth surface and the parallel fibers on the dendritic spines . The axon B 9 is given off at the ba ...
... covered by short-stemmed synaptic spines C8 of which each Purkinje cell has about 60 000. Different fiber systems terminate on these different synaptic surfaces of the cell-the climbing fibers on the smooth surface and the parallel fibers on the dendritic spines . The axon B 9 is given off at the ba ...
A part of the cholinergic fibers in mouse superior cervical ganglia
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
... trunk showed a GABA-like immunoreactivity, and there were few GABA-like neurons in the spinal cord. Because their argument was based upon indirect evidence, further direct evidence is needed to elucidate the source of the GABAergic projection to the SCG. The vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAch ...
The Cat is Out of the Bag: Cortical Simulations with 109 Neurons
... can either be excitatory, meaning that their firing increases the membrane potential of target neurons (whose synapses they contact), or inhibitory, which decrease the membrane potential of target neurons. Our simulations include excitatory and inhibitory neurons in approximately a 4:1 ratio [8]. Ne ...
... can either be excitatory, meaning that their firing increases the membrane potential of target neurons (whose synapses they contact), or inhibitory, which decrease the membrane potential of target neurons. Our simulations include excitatory and inhibitory neurons in approximately a 4:1 ratio [8]. Ne ...
Concept cells: the building blocks of declarative
... involved in the transformation of percepts into cognitive entities that can be processed and stored into memory (see below). It is also conceivable that other areas that interact with the MTL — for example, the prefrontal cortex, given its role in categorization42 — may be involved in this process. ...
... involved in the transformation of percepts into cognitive entities that can be processed and stored into memory (see below). It is also conceivable that other areas that interact with the MTL — for example, the prefrontal cortex, given its role in categorization42 — may be involved in this process. ...
Synaptic and peptidergic connectome of a neurosecretory
... clusters of clear synaptic vesicles in the axons, while peptidergic synapses appear as smaller clusters of dense core vesicles (Randel et al. 2014; Shahidi et al. 2015). We reconstructed all neurons that project to this region (Figure 1B, Supplement 1 to figure 1, Video 1) and identified 70 sensory ...
... clusters of clear synaptic vesicles in the axons, while peptidergic synapses appear as smaller clusters of dense core vesicles (Randel et al. 2014; Shahidi et al. 2015). We reconstructed all neurons that project to this region (Figure 1B, Supplement 1 to figure 1, Video 1) and identified 70 sensory ...
INTRAANALYZER CONDITIONED REFLEX PROPERTIES OF TWO
... Figure 4 shows summarized data only on two-way connections of cells of different classes as well as similar summarized data on independent neuronal pairs inside the microarea of the cortex. In the naive cats, all of the neuronal pairs had two-way dependent connections, but they were especially frequ ...
... Figure 4 shows summarized data only on two-way connections of cells of different classes as well as similar summarized data on independent neuronal pairs inside the microarea of the cortex. In the naive cats, all of the neuronal pairs had two-way dependent connections, but they were especially frequ ...