Presence of vesicular glutamate transporter-2 in
... Recent evidence indicates that hypophysiotropic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons of the adult male rat express mRNA and immunoreactivity for type-2 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2), a marker for gluta ...
... Recent evidence indicates that hypophysiotropic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) neurons of the adult male rat express mRNA and immunoreactivity for type-2 vesicular glutamate transporter (VGLUT2), a marker for gluta ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the decay is mediated through several mechanisms (Fig. 2a). Stage 1: Stimulus causes calcium accumulation. We start from the m ...
... decays, but also drives the CAN current which depolarizes the cell causing a spike that brings more calcium in the cell effectively prolonging the calcium decay. The rate of the decay is mediated through several mechanisms (Fig. 2a). Stage 1: Stimulus causes calcium accumulation. We start from the m ...
Stress and Glucocorticoids Affect the Expression of Brain
... it has been used by other groups to produce hippocampal damage (Wooley et al., 1990). Corticosterone injections raised plasma corticosterone levels to 822 + 92 and 952 + 122 rig/ml after one or seven injections respectively whereas the corresponding vehicle-injected controls were 52 + 15 and 83 + 23 ...
... it has been used by other groups to produce hippocampal damage (Wooley et al., 1990). Corticosterone injections raised plasma corticosterone levels to 822 + 92 and 952 + 122 rig/ml after one or seven injections respectively whereas the corresponding vehicle-injected controls were 52 + 15 and 83 + 23 ...
Genetic Analysis of Brain Circuits Underlying Pheromone Signaling
... approach took advantage of the transneuronal transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory sy ...
... approach took advantage of the transneuronal transfer of Barley lectin (BL), and expressed BL under the control of LHRH promoter (6). Sites of BL expression, while also visualizing minor labeling along the vomeronasal pathway, also evidenced major and yet undescribed input from the main olfactory sy ...
invariant face and object recognition in the visual system
... considered the case in which there is only one object in the visual field. The question then arises of how the visual system operates in a cluttered environment. Do all objects that can activate an inferior temporal neuron do so whenever they are anywhere within the large receptive fields of inferio ...
... considered the case in which there is only one object in the visual field. The question then arises of how the visual system operates in a cluttered environment. Do all objects that can activate an inferior temporal neuron do so whenever they are anywhere within the large receptive fields of inferio ...
mechanisms and biological role of thalamocortical oscillations
... TC neurons posses a large set of intrinsic currents that enable them to contribute to the various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC curren ...
... TC neurons posses a large set of intrinsic currents that enable them to contribute to the various oscillatory activities and/or mediated some of them. The electrophysiological identification of a TC neuron is shown in Fig. 2. Usually, a small depolarization of TC neurons with intracellular DC curren ...
Here is a link
... the cell membranes in the intra- and extracellular spaces. The portion of these currents that flows through the extracellular space is directly responsible for the generation of field potentials (Fig. 2.3). Particular significance must be ascribed to the synaptic processes as causing events for the ...
... the cell membranes in the intra- and extracellular spaces. The portion of these currents that flows through the extracellular space is directly responsible for the generation of field potentials (Fig. 2.3). Particular significance must be ascribed to the synaptic processes as causing events for the ...
ORGANIZATION OF CORTICAL AFFERENTS TO THE FRONTAL
... 65, 67, 68). It is particularly well expressed by the distribution of indirect FAC afferents passing via mediodorsalnucleus (MD), which is known to be precisely and topographically connected with this cortex (65). Since MD afferents were determined, it seems justifiable to distinguish within FAC two ...
... 65, 67, 68). It is particularly well expressed by the distribution of indirect FAC afferents passing via mediodorsalnucleus (MD), which is known to be precisely and topographically connected with this cortex (65). Since MD afferents were determined, it seems justifiable to distinguish within FAC two ...
BMC Neuroscience Serial pathways from primate prefrontal cortex to autonomic areas
... not show changes in heart rate and skin responses that normally accompany emotional arousal [3,4]. A related medial prefrontal area, in the anterior cingulate, has a role in emotions as well, specializing in the expression of emotions through pathways to autonomic structures in primates [5,6] as wel ...
... not show changes in heart rate and skin responses that normally accompany emotional arousal [3,4]. A related medial prefrontal area, in the anterior cingulate, has a role in emotions as well, specializing in the expression of emotions through pathways to autonomic structures in primates [5,6] as wel ...
Circuits through prefrontal cortex, basal ganglia, and ventral anterior
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Projection neurons were most densely distributed in anterior cingulate areas 24 and 32, and dorsolateral areas 9 and 8, innervating the same VA sites that received projections from a larg ...
... segment of the globus pallidus (GPi), the substantia nigra reticulata (SNr), and the thalamic reticular nucleus. Projection neurons were most densely distributed in anterior cingulate areas 24 and 32, and dorsolateral areas 9 and 8, innervating the same VA sites that received projections from a larg ...
J Neurophysiol - University of Connecticut
... highly asymmetric STRFs, evidence of frequency sweep selectivity, but the population showed no directional bias. Binaural preferences differed in their relative proportions, most notably an increased prevalence of excitatory contralateral-only cells in cortex (40%) versus thalamus (23%), indicating ...
... highly asymmetric STRFs, evidence of frequency sweep selectivity, but the population showed no directional bias. Binaural preferences differed in their relative proportions, most notably an increased prevalence of excitatory contralateral-only cells in cortex (40%) versus thalamus (23%), indicating ...
Morphology of Feedback Neurons in the Mushroom Body of the
... another or one group may be stained more homogeneously than the other. In addition, in those specimens in which many feedback neurons were stained, the different groups could not ...
... another or one group may be stained more homogeneously than the other. In addition, in those specimens in which many feedback neurons were stained, the different groups could not ...
Basal Ganglia and Cerebellar Inputs to `AIP`
... a unique subregion of area 7b within inferior parietal cortex termed the anterior intraparietal area (AIP). AIP neurons either have visual responses to the three-dimensional features of objects, motor responses to object manipulation or the combination of the two types of responses (Godschalk and Le ...
... a unique subregion of area 7b within inferior parietal cortex termed the anterior intraparietal area (AIP). AIP neurons either have visual responses to the three-dimensional features of objects, motor responses to object manipulation or the combination of the two types of responses (Godschalk and Le ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with descending projections toward the spinal cord, which stimulate postural muscle tone and behavioral arousal. Th ...
... and atonia on the EMG. Neurons that are active during waking (red symbols) include cells with ascending projections toward the cortex, which stimulate fast cortical activity, and cells with descending projections toward the spinal cord, which stimulate postural muscle tone and behavioral arousal. Th ...
Electrical Stimulation of the Horizontal Limb of the Diagonal Band
... stimulation of the LOT (Fig. 2A) contains a number of different components that have been described in detail (Haberly 1973; Ketchum and Haberly 1993). The first negative peak has been labeled period 1 and is composed of two phases called A1 and B1. A1 is generated by the monosynaptic EPSP in layer ...
... stimulation of the LOT (Fig. 2A) contains a number of different components that have been described in detail (Haberly 1973; Ketchum and Haberly 1993). The first negative peak has been labeled period 1 and is composed of two phases called A1 and B1. A1 is generated by the monosynaptic EPSP in layer ...
Circuit Architecture of VTA Dopamine Neurons Revealed by
... expression pattern of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (Bäckman et al., 2006; Lammel et al., 2015), and GAD2Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-2 (Taniguchi et al., 2011), an enzyme that coverts glutamate to GABA (Figure S1). Two adeno-associated viru ...
... expression pattern of the plasma membrane dopamine transporter (Bäckman et al., 2006; Lammel et al., 2015), and GAD2Cre mice, in which Cre mimics the expression of glutamic acid decarboxylase-2 (Taniguchi et al., 2011), an enzyme that coverts glutamate to GABA (Figure S1). Two adeno-associated viru ...
Distinct representations of olfactory information in different cortical
... processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate behavioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory bulb1–3. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is transformed in higher olfactory centres i ...
... processed to translate stimulus features into appropriate behavioural output. In the olfactory system, distributed neural activity in the nose is converted into a segregated map in the olfactory bulb1–3. Here we investigate how this ordered representation is transformed in higher olfactory centres i ...
LESSON 4.3 WORKBOOK What makes us go to sleep, and what
... active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we have to do during the day. The level of brain activity is largely controlled by the arousal neurons located ...
... active, which enables us to pay attention to sensory information, to think about what we are perceiving, to retrieve and think about memories, and to engage in the variety of behaviors that we have to do during the day. The level of brain activity is largely controlled by the arousal neurons located ...
Structure and Function in the Inferior Olivary Nucleus
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
... The inferior olivary nucleus is the source of the climbing fibres, one of the two major afferent pathways into the cerebellum. This thesis is concerned with aspects of the cellular anat ...
UNRAVELING THE SENSE OF SMELL
... axon to the olfactory bulb of the brain. Here the sensory axon enters a spherical structure called a glomerulus, where it synapses with the dendrites of bulb neurons. The mouse olfactory bulb has about 2000 glomeruli, each of which receives input from several thousand olfactory sensory neurons. Each ...
... axon to the olfactory bulb of the brain. Here the sensory axon enters a spherical structure called a glomerulus, where it synapses with the dendrites of bulb neurons. The mouse olfactory bulb has about 2000 glomeruli, each of which receives input from several thousand olfactory sensory neurons. Each ...
Neuronal Regulation Implements Efficient Synaptic Pruning
... focus here on studying the role of neuronal regulation (NR) , a mechanism operating to maintain the homeostasis of the neuron 's membrane potential. NR has been recently identified experimentally by [3], who showed that neurons both up-regulate and down-regulate the efficacy of their incoming excita ...
... focus here on studying the role of neuronal regulation (NR) , a mechanism operating to maintain the homeostasis of the neuron 's membrane potential. NR has been recently identified experimentally by [3], who showed that neurons both up-regulate and down-regulate the efficacy of their incoming excita ...
Multiplicative Gain Changes Are Induced by Excitation or Inhibition
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
... nonlinear relationships between stimulus parameter and input current and between input current and firing rate in vivo are taken into account, then simple excitation or inhibition alone can induce a multiplicative gain change. In particular, the power–law relationship between voltage and firing rate ...
striatum
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
... Ventral striatum Ventral pallidum / subst. Nigra Thalamus (mediodorsal nc.) – Prefrontal cortex Circuit might be crucial for the learning and executionof reward – related behavior ...
Chapter 2
... An understanding of the neuronal organization of the inferior colliculus (IC) requires an exploration of how the types of neurons, the microcircuitry, and the synaptic organization of the IC interact to define functional zones. The IC was originally divided using anatomical methods to identify the n ...
... An understanding of the neuronal organization of the inferior colliculus (IC) requires an exploration of how the types of neurons, the microcircuitry, and the synaptic organization of the IC interact to define functional zones. The IC was originally divided using anatomical methods to identify the n ...
Shootin1 - The Journal of Cell Biology
... Figure 1. Identification, structure, expression, and intracellular localization of shootin1. (A) Differential 2DE analysis of proteins in stage 2 (cultured for 14 h) and stage 3 (cultured for 62 h) hippocampal neurons. The arrows indicate the protein spot of shootin1 enriched in the stage 3 sample ( ...
... Figure 1. Identification, structure, expression, and intracellular localization of shootin1. (A) Differential 2DE analysis of proteins in stage 2 (cultured for 14 h) and stage 3 (cultured for 62 h) hippocampal neurons. The arrows indicate the protein spot of shootin1 enriched in the stage 3 sample ( ...