Potato spindle tuber viroid
... plants a fully expanded leaflet from each plant should be used. Viroid concentration is lower at low temperature and low light levels, so plants should be grown at a temperature of at least 18 °C and with a photoperiod of at least 14 h. Microplants or leaves may be bulked; the bulking rate will depe ...
... plants a fully expanded leaflet from each plant should be used. Viroid concentration is lower at low temperature and low light levels, so plants should be grown at a temperature of at least 18 °C and with a photoperiod of at least 14 h. Microplants or leaves may be bulked; the bulking rate will depe ...
Magnesium and cell energetics in plants under anoxia
... used as energy source. For instance, in developing cereal seeds, PPi produced in the cytosol during starch biosynthesis can drive sucrose conversion into glucose 1-phosphate [37]. The usefulness of PPi as an energy source depends on the energy charge of the cell, [Mg2+ ] and the actual location of P ...
... used as energy source. For instance, in developing cereal seeds, PPi produced in the cytosol during starch biosynthesis can drive sucrose conversion into glucose 1-phosphate [37]. The usefulness of PPi as an energy source depends on the energy charge of the cell, [Mg2+ ] and the actual location of P ...
Crop Profile for Sunflower in Kansas
... florets for the first 4 to 5 days after hatching. Subsequently, larvae tunnel into sunflower seeds and other ...
... florets for the first 4 to 5 days after hatching. Subsequently, larvae tunnel into sunflower seeds and other ...
Provitamin A Accumulation in Cassava (Manihot
... retinoids, synthesized through cleavage at the central C15-C15´ double bond, which is catalyzed by the b-carotene cleavage monoxygenase 1 (reviewed in Moise et al., 2005). Because of the widespread prevalence of vitamin A deficiency diseases in the tropics (WHO, 2009), efforts are underway to increa ...
... retinoids, synthesized through cleavage at the central C15-C15´ double bond, which is catalyzed by the b-carotene cleavage monoxygenase 1 (reviewed in Moise et al., 2005). Because of the widespread prevalence of vitamin A deficiency diseases in the tropics (WHO, 2009), efforts are underway to increa ...
Engineering crop plants: getting a handle on phosphate
... Phosphate is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. In natural ecosystems, phosphorus is returned to the soil and converted to inorganic phosphate (Pi) via biological and chemical processes, after which it is available for a new cycle of plant growth. In agricultural ecosystems, two ad ...
... Phosphate is an essential macronutrient for all living organisms. In natural ecosystems, phosphorus is returned to the soil and converted to inorganic phosphate (Pi) via biological and chemical processes, after which it is available for a new cycle of plant growth. In agricultural ecosystems, two ad ...
Characterization of the mineral phosphate solubilizing activity of
... Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, which includes an energy intensive treatment with sulfuric acid at high temperature. This process has become an environmentally undesirable and costly aVair (Vassilev et al. 2006). ...
... Traditional production of P fertilizers is based on chemical processing of insoluble mineral phosphate high-grade ore, which includes an energy intensive treatment with sulfuric acid at high temperature. This process has become an environmentally undesirable and costly aVair (Vassilev et al. 2006). ...
O A
... shikimate, and phenylpropanoid pathways in plants [18,9,5]. Phenolics are antioxidants with redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donators, and singlet oxygen quenchers [12]. Antioxidants are important because they have the ability of protecting organisms from damage ...
... shikimate, and phenylpropanoid pathways in plants [18,9,5]. Phenolics are antioxidants with redox properties, which allow them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donators, and singlet oxygen quenchers [12]. Antioxidants are important because they have the ability of protecting organisms from damage ...
Cytochrome P450-enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of mono
... Plant cells are capable of forming an overwhelming variety of specialized metabolites, both in terms of complexity and quantity. These small organic molecules allow plants to cope with various types of stress, and often have biological activities beneficial to humans that make them of high commercia ...
... Plant cells are capable of forming an overwhelming variety of specialized metabolites, both in terms of complexity and quantity. These small organic molecules allow plants to cope with various types of stress, and often have biological activities beneficial to humans that make them of high commercia ...
Apatosaurus
... like teeth arrayed like a garden rake these were useful for stripping and gathering foliage. It would be hard to have blunt like teeth. A Apatosaurus may have had thick moose like lips. That would help it gather plant like material. In conclusion the Apatosaurus was a gentle plant eating dinosaur. ...
... like teeth arrayed like a garden rake these were useful for stripping and gathering foliage. It would be hard to have blunt like teeth. A Apatosaurus may have had thick moose like lips. That would help it gather plant like material. In conclusion the Apatosaurus was a gentle plant eating dinosaur. ...
Review: Nutrient loading of developing seeds
... functional genomic opportunities offered by Arabidopsis, there is an increasing focus on nutrient loading in seeds of this species despite technical challenges posed by their small size. Nutrient loading of seeds is a spatially and temporally dynamic process. The latter is inextricably linked with t ...
... functional genomic opportunities offered by Arabidopsis, there is an increasing focus on nutrient loading in seeds of this species despite technical challenges posed by their small size. Nutrient loading of seeds is a spatially and temporally dynamic process. The latter is inextricably linked with t ...
the overlooked molecule in the regulation of polyamine metabolism
... The primary goal of the present study was to address the potential role of substrates in regulation of the PA biosynthetic pathway under conditions of short-term (via induction) as well as long-term (constitutive) manipulations in Arabidopsis. We also studied the interaction of PA up-regulation with ...
... The primary goal of the present study was to address the potential role of substrates in regulation of the PA biosynthetic pathway under conditions of short-term (via induction) as well as long-term (constitutive) manipulations in Arabidopsis. We also studied the interaction of PA up-regulation with ...
General Features of Gymnosperms
... closed, sperma = seed) ovules are enclosed in a carpel and usually completely closed at the time of pollination. ...
... closed, sperma = seed) ovules are enclosed in a carpel and usually completely closed at the time of pollination. ...
Leucas Aspera - International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences
... glucoside, diterpenes, phenolic compounds (4-(24-hydroxy-1-oxo-5-n-propyltetracosanyl)phenol). These studies reveal that L. aspera is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects; hence, this drug encourage finding its new therapeutic uses. ...
... glucoside, diterpenes, phenolic compounds (4-(24-hydroxy-1-oxo-5-n-propyltetracosanyl)phenol). These studies reveal that L. aspera is a source of medicinally active compounds and have various pharmacological effects; hence, this drug encourage finding its new therapeutic uses. ...
CROPTIME Vegetable Growth Stage Descriptions
... Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6 true leaves. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves (up to 9 or more). Record percent sprout (bud) initiation in leaf axils, buds have ⅛ - ¼ ” diameter. Main shoot has started to elongate. For example, 4-6” from center of the rosette to the top grow ...
... Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6 true leaves. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves (up to 9 or more). Record percent sprout (bud) initiation in leaf axils, buds have ⅛ - ¼ ” diameter. Main shoot has started to elongate. For example, 4-6” from center of the rosette to the top grow ...
Atropa belladonna
... growing to 5 metre tall, with 18 cm long ovate leaves; it contains the heaviest leaf in its angiosperm group. It is not a very hardy perennial and is sensitive to being transplanted. Germination requires several weeks in warm, moist, absolutely sterile soil, usually far from normal garden conditions ...
... growing to 5 metre tall, with 18 cm long ovate leaves; it contains the heaviest leaf in its angiosperm group. It is not a very hardy perennial and is sensitive to being transplanted. Germination requires several weeks in warm, moist, absolutely sterile soil, usually far from normal garden conditions ...
Download #111. Meyer, J. Y. and J. P. Malet. February 1997. Study and management of the alien invasive tree, Miconia calvescens DC. (Melastomataceae) in the islands of Raiatea and Tahaa (Society Islands, Frrench Polynesia): 1992-1996
... C. Impact of information and education D. Life cycle of M ...
... C. Impact of information and education D. Life cycle of M ...
Trial of Cordyline 2002-2004
... appropriate) in May 2002 using an open, free draining compost containing a base fertiliser and were fed once a week with a liquid fertiliser. In October plants were moved to over-winter in a polytunnel and were periodically fed with a high potassium feed. At the beginning of March 2003 plants were p ...
... appropriate) in May 2002 using an open, free draining compost containing a base fertiliser and were fed once a week with a liquid fertiliser. In October plants were moved to over-winter in a polytunnel and were periodically fed with a high potassium feed. At the beginning of March 2003 plants were p ...
Common Name: Marshmallow Botanical Name: Althaea officinalis L
... Marshmallow is a perennial herb that is native to moist areas of Europe, western Asia, and southern England. It has been naturalized in the U.S. The leaf and root are imported primarily from Eastern Europe and what was formerly the Soviet Union. Marshmallow is both gathered in the wild and cultivate ...
... Marshmallow is a perennial herb that is native to moist areas of Europe, western Asia, and southern England. It has been naturalized in the U.S. The leaf and root are imported primarily from Eastern Europe and what was formerly the Soviet Union. Marshmallow is both gathered in the wild and cultivate ...
RSE on the basic of ECR South-Kazakhstan State Pharmaceutical
... substances of plant origin. - M .: Science, 2001 - 240 p. 4. Pronchenko G.Y. Medicinal plant remedies. - M .: Geotar-Med., 2002. - 285 p. 5. Practicum on Pharmacognosy: Instructional medium for students, universities / Kovalev V.N., Popova N.V., Kislichenko V.S. and others .: By total. Ed. Kovalev V ...
... substances of plant origin. - M .: Science, 2001 - 240 p. 4. Pronchenko G.Y. Medicinal plant remedies. - M .: Geotar-Med., 2002. - 285 p. 5. Practicum on Pharmacognosy: Instructional medium for students, universities / Kovalev V.N., Popova N.V., Kislichenko V.S. and others .: By total. Ed. Kovalev V ...
a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES
... http://universe-review.ca/I10-22a-xylem.jpg http://www.park.edu/bhoffman/courses/bi225/images/xylem.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BishopWeb/MakBMLgVBUS300Lab.jpg http://blueoaktherapycenter.org/images/Therapist%20Pictures/Pics%20for%20website/oak%20tree%204web1.JPG http://www.namamil ...
... http://universe-review.ca/I10-22a-xylem.jpg http://www.park.edu/bhoffman/courses/bi225/images/xylem.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BishopWeb/MakBMLgVBUS300Lab.jpg http://blueoaktherapycenter.org/images/Therapist%20Pictures/Pics%20for%20website/oak%20tree%204web1.JPG http://www.namamil ...
For the RHS hardy fuchsia trials bulletin click here PDF
... grow to 3m in favoured conditions. The leaves vary in size and colour, some being dark green, others yellow-green and others with a variegated cream or white margin. The flowers, usually pendulous and borne on slender pedicels, have a tube producing nectar in the base which, in the wild, attracts po ...
... grow to 3m in favoured conditions. The leaves vary in size and colour, some being dark green, others yellow-green and others with a variegated cream or white margin. The flowers, usually pendulous and borne on slender pedicels, have a tube producing nectar in the base which, in the wild, attracts po ...
Regulation of Respiration and Fermentation to
... To evaluate the changes in respiration under hypoxic conditions more precisely, the oxygen consumption rate of root pieces was measured in a tightly closed Clark-type oxygen electrode, starting with a fully air-saturated buffer and lasting until all oxygen was consumed from the solution (Fig. 3). As ...
... To evaluate the changes in respiration under hypoxic conditions more precisely, the oxygen consumption rate of root pieces was measured in a tightly closed Clark-type oxygen electrode, starting with a fully air-saturated buffer and lasting until all oxygen was consumed from the solution (Fig. 3). As ...
Bulbs - Van Hage
... a bright array. Autumn’s the time for planting bulbs that will flower between January and May the following year, such as daffodils, snowdrops, bluebells, tulips, hyacinths and crocus; while spring is the time to plant most summer-flowering bulbs including gladioli, irises, dahlias, nerines, agapant ...
... a bright array. Autumn’s the time for planting bulbs that will flower between January and May the following year, such as daffodils, snowdrops, bluebells, tulips, hyacinths and crocus; while spring is the time to plant most summer-flowering bulbs including gladioli, irises, dahlias, nerines, agapant ...
Main Packet - Canola in the Classroom
... establishment. Tests should include N, P, K, and S. Fertilizer recommendations for winter canola are similar to those for winter wheat, with two exceptions. Canola uses about 25% more nitrogen (approximately 90-150 pounds per acre) and twice as much sulfur as comparable yields of wheat. Lack of sulf ...
... establishment. Tests should include N, P, K, and S. Fertilizer recommendations for winter canola are similar to those for winter wheat, with two exceptions. Canola uses about 25% more nitrogen (approximately 90-150 pounds per acre) and twice as much sulfur as comparable yields of wheat. Lack of sulf ...
Plant nutrition
.jpg?width=300)
Plant nutrition is the study of the chemical elements and compounds that are necessary for plant growth, and also of their external supply and internal metabolism. In 1972, E. Epstein defined two criteria for an element to be essential for plant growth: in its absence the plant is unable to complete a normal life cycle; or that the element is part of some essential plant constituent or metabolite.This is in accordance with Liebig's law of the minimum. There are 14 essential plant nutrients. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from the air, while other nutrients including water are typically obtained from the soil (exceptions include some parasitic or carnivorous plants).Plants must obtain the following mineral nutrients from the growing media: the primary macronutrients: nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K) the three secondary macronutrients: calcium (Ca), sulfur (S), magnesium (Mg) the micronutrients/trace minerals: boron (B), chlorine (Cl), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), molybdenum (Mo), nickel (Ni)The macronutrients are consumed in larger quantities and are present in plant tissue in quantities from 0.2% to 4.0% (on a dry matter weight basis). Micro nutrients are present in plant tissue in quantities measured in parts per million, ranging from 5 to 200 ppm, or less than 0.02% dry weight.Most soil conditions across the world can provide plants with adequate nutrition and do not require fertilizer for a complete life cycle. However, humans can artificially modify soil through the addition of fertilizer to promote vigorous growth and increase yield. The plants are able to obtain their required nutrients from the fertilizer added to the soil. A colloidal carbonaceous residue, known as humus, can serve as a nutrient reservoir. Even with adequate water and sunshine, nutrient deficiency can limit growth.Nutrient uptake from the soil is achieved by cation exchange, where root hairs pump hydrogen ions (H+) into the soil through proton pumps. These hydrogen ions displace cations attached to negatively charged soil particles so that the cations are available for uptake by the root.Plant nutrition is a difficult subject to understand completely, partly because of the variation between different plants and even between different species or individuals of a given clone. An element present at a low level may cause deficiency symptoms, while the same element at a higher level may cause toxicity. Further, deficiency of one element may present as symptoms of toxicity from another element. An abundance of one nutrient may cause a deficiency of another nutrient. For example, lower availability of a given nutrient such as SO42− can affect the uptake of another nutrient, such as NO3−. As another example, K+ uptake can be influenced by the amount of NH4+ available.The root, especially the root hair, is the most essential organ for the uptake of nutrients. The structure and architecture of the root can alter the rate of nutrient uptake. Nutrient ions are transported to the center of the root, the stele in order for the nutrients to reach the conducting tissues, xylem and phloem. The Casparian strip, a cell wall outside the stele but within the root, prevents passive flow of water and nutrients, helping to regulate the uptake of nutrients and water. Xylem moves water and inorganic molecules within the plant and phloem accounts for organic molecule transportation. Water potential plays a key role in a plants nutrient uptake. If the water potential is more negative within the plant than the surrounding soils, the nutrients will move from the region of higher solute concentration—in the soil—to the area of lower solute concentration: in the plant.There are three fundamental ways plants uptake nutrients through the root: simple diffusion, occurs when a nonpolar molecule, such as O2, CO2, and NH3 follows a concentration gradient, moving passively through the cell lipid bilayer membrane without the use of transport proteins. facilitated diffusion, is the rapid movement of solutes or ions following a concentration gradient, facilitated by transport proteins. Active transport, is the uptake by cells of ions or molecules against a concentration gradient; this requires an energy source, usually ATP, to power molecular pumps that move the ions or molecules through the membrane. Nutrients are moved inside a plant to where they are most needed. For example, a plant will try to supply more nutrients to its younger leaves than to its older ones. When nutrients are mobile, symptoms of any deficiency become apparent first on the older leaves. However, not all nutrients are equally mobile. Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are mobile nutrients, while the others have varying degrees of mobility. When a less mobile nutrient is deficient, the younger leaves suffer because the nutrient does not move up to them but stays in the older leaves. This phenomenon is helpful in determining which nutrients a plant may be lacking.Many plants engage in symbiosis with microorganisms. Two important types of these relationship are with bacteria such as rhizobia, that carry out biological nitrogen fixation, in which atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is converted into ammonium (NH4); and with mycorrhizal fungi, which through their association with the plant roots help to create a larger effective root surface area. Both of these mutualistic relationships enhance nutrient uptake. Though nitrogen is plentiful in the Earth's atmosphere, relatively few plants harbor nitrogen fixing bacteria, so most plants rely on nitrogen compounds present in the soil to support their growth. These can be supplied by mineralization of soil organic matter or added plant residues, nitrogen fixing bacteria, animal waste, or through the application of fertilizers.Hydroponics, is a method for growing plants in a water-nutrient solution without the use of nutrient-rich soil. It allows researchers and home gardeners to grow their plants in a controlled environment. The most common solution, is the Hoagland solution, developed by D. R. Hoagland in 1933, the solution consists of all the essential nutrients in the correct proportions necessary for most plant growth. An aerator is used to prevent an anoxic event or hypoxia. Hypoxia can affect nutrient uptake of a plant because without oxygen present, respiration becomes inhibited within the root cells. The Nutrient film technique is a variation of hydroponic technique. The roots are not fully submerged, which allows for adequate aeration of the roots, while a ""film"" thin layer of nutrient rich water is pumped through the system to provide nutrients and water to the plant.