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CROPTIME Vegetable Growth Stage Descriptions CONTENTS PLEASE READ .................................................................................................................................................................2 AMARANTHACEAE ........................................................................................................................................................3 Spinach ......................................................................................................................................................................3 APIACEAE .......................................................................................................................................................................4 Carrot ........................................................................................................................................................................4 Parsnip ......................................................................................................................................................................5 ASTERACEAE ..................................................................................................................................................................6 Lettuce ......................................................................................................................................................................6 BRASSICACEAE ..............................................................................................................................................................7 Broccoli .....................................................................................................................................................................7 Brussels sprout .........................................................................................................................................................8 Cabbage ....................................................................................................................................................................9 Cauliflower ..............................................................................................................................................................11 Kale .........................................................................................................................................................................12 CUCURBITACEAE .........................................................................................................................................................13 Cucumber ................................................................................................................................................................13 Summer squash ......................................................................................................................................................14 Winter squash .........................................................................................................................................................15 FABACEAE ....................................................................................................................................................................16 Snap beans ..............................................................................................................................................................16 POACEAE .....................................................................................................................................................................18 Sweet corn ..............................................................................................................................................................18 SOLANACEAE ...............................................................................................................................................................19 Pepper .....................................................................................................................................................................19 Tomato ...................................................................................................................................................................20 Appendix 1: Vegetable threshold temperatures .......................................................................................................21 Appendix 2: Growth stage field notes ........................................................................................................................22 REFERENCES ................................................................................................................................................................23 Aug 25, 2014 draft PLEASE READ These descriptions of vegetable growth stages are to guide collection of crop development data to contribute to growing degree-day models for the OSU CROPTIME website: http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu. Growth stages in bold text and shaded cells are critical for model development. To collect data: 1. Record the growth stage of 10 plants. Avoid plants clearly affected by environmental stress. Record median growth stage reached by the fifth most developed plant, except when noted. 2. True leaves are considered fully unfolded when they have unfurled (no longer cupping) and the next leaf is visible, but they have not necessarily reached full size. 3. Be sure to read the next expected growth stages when visiting a site. A common mistake is to keep counting leaves when the beginning of the reproductive stage should be noted. Revised August 25, 2014 2 AMARANTHACEAE SPINACH Stage name Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Pointed leaves Mature/harvest First harvest Bolting Revised August 25, 2014 Description Cotyledonous leaves emerge from the soil. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves 5-6 fully unfolded true leaves Count number of fully unfolded true leaves New inner leaves are pointed rather than rounded at the tip. Leaves have reached typical size for harvest. Record first harvest date Main shoot begins to elongate, end of harvest period 3 APIACEAE CARROT Growth Stage Seedling emergence Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Root diameter First potential harvest Description Cotyledonous leaves emerge from the soil. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. 5-6 fully unfolded true leaves. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves until root has about ½” diameter (approximately 6-7 true leaves). Measure root diameter across the widest point on the crown starting when the crown begins to expand at 5-7 true leaves (i.e. ½” root diameter). 90% of roots have reached harvestable size, record crown diameter. Harvestable crown size is approximately ¾ -1½” diameter. * The Physiology of Vegetable Crops, Wien, H.C (ed.), 1997 1. 2. Revised August 25, 2014 3. 4 PARSNIP Growth Stage Seedling emergence Number of true leaves First multifoliate leaf Number of true leaves Root diameter First potential harvest Description Cotyledonous leaves emerge from the soil. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. The first few leaves are unifoliate. Starting about the fourth leaf they become multifoliate. Unifoliate and multifoliate leaves each count as one true leaf. Don’t count individual leaflets Beginning of period of N uptake. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves until root has about ½” diameter (about 6 true leaves). Measure root diameter across the widest point on the crown starting at about 6 true leaves (i.e. ½” root diameter). 90% of roots have reached harvestable size, record crown diameter. Harvestable crown size is approximately 2-2½” diameter. * The Physiology of Vegetable Crops, Wien, H.C (ed.), 1997 Revised August 25, 2014 5 ASTERACEAE LETTUCE Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Rosette Cupping Heading Mature Bolting Description Cotyledonous leaves emerge from the soil. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. 5-6 true leaves are fully unfolded. This is the beginning of the period of N uptake. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. Distinct circular cluster of leaves. Tips of inner leaves begin to curl inwards on the edge, two youngest leaves do not unfold. This stage is much less pronounced with leaf lettuce than with head lettuce. Cupped leaves begin to overlap and cover the growing point of the plant. Leaf lettuce does not form a head. The head reaches marketable size for the variety, leaf lettuce is marketable size for that variety and leaves have not started to become bitter. Main shoot inside head begins to elongate. Revised August 25, 2014 6 BRASSICACEAE Measure diameter of cauliflower and broccoli o If oblong measure length and width and divide by two Cabbage, measure diametero Some studies measure head length and width and core length and width. o Some studies measure circumference o USDA Standards measure cabbage by o My conclusion – as long as were consistent we should be fine. We will also put together photos of the varieties to use next season to have a visual example of growth stages, we will also note which photos we need to capture in 2015. BROCCOLI Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves Transplant Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Cupping Head initiation Head development Mature Early flowering Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfurrowed. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6 true leaves Count number of fully unfolded true leaves (up to 9 or more). Around 10-14 true leaves the innermost heart leaves begin to curve around the growing tip where the head will initiate. The harvestable head is initiated when vernalization occurs??. Head can be felt without pulling leaves apart (1/2” diameter). As the heads develop measure the circumference around the main head on each plant you examine. Heads have reached typical size and form for that variety. Record the median circumference around the head. Record the percentage of plants in the trial site that are beginning to flower. Buds in the head begin to elongate and the head separates. Petals become visible but flowers have not yet opened. Revised August 25, 2014 7 BRUSSELS SPROUT Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves Transplant Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Sprout initiation Beginning of stem elongation Sprout development Topping Processing market harvest Fresh market harvest Early flowering Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfurrowed. Count number of fully expanded true leaves. Record seeding or transplanting date and growth stage at transplanting Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6 true leaves. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves (up to 9 or more). Record percent sprout (bud) initiation in leaf axils, buds have ⅛ - ¼ ” diameter. Main shoot has started to elongate. For example, 4-6” from center of the rosette to the top growing point. Sprouts are growing in the leaf axil. Record the average sprout diameter on the stalk (i.e. from near the middle of the stalk). Tops of plants are topped to promote even sprout size. Normally when sprouts on bottom of stalk have ½ - ¾” diameter. Average sprout diameter is 1 – 1⅜” diameter. Tightly closed sprouts below the terminal bud have formed. Average sprout diameter is 1¼ – 1½” diameter. Tightly closed sprouts below the terminal bud have formed. Buds begin to elongate to form flower branches. Record the percentage of plants in the trial site that are elongating. Revised August 25, 2014 8 CABBAGE Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves Transplant Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves Pre-cupping Cupping Early head formation Head fill Mature Splitting Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfurrowed. Count number of fully expanded true leaves. Record growth number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of fully unfolded true leaves Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6TL. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves Approximately 10-12 leaves. The innermost heart leaves are growing in an upright fashion and begin to curve inwards. They are visible without moving any of the surrounding leaves. By the end of this stage the base of the stem and the bases of all leaves are concealed when the plant is viewed from above. Approximately 12-16 leaves. The innermost heart leaves, which are still growing in an upright fashion, are concealed by the larger, older leaves surrounding them. All visible leaves will later become the frame leaves (leaves not touching the mature head) of the mature plant. Record the circumference around the head. Firm head can easily be felt when squeezing, 3-10” head circumference. The inner heart leaves are now quickly developing as a ball-like structure of overlapping leaves, and are concealed by the surrounding larger leaves. These surrounding leaves do not press tightly against the developing head and will later unfold to become frame leaves. Record the circumference around the head, approximately 10-25” head circumference. A firm round head is visible within the wrapper leaves (the 4 outer loose leaves that touch the mature head). The head has not yet fully developed and thus, is not of harvestable size. Record the measurement of circumference around the head , approximately 20-35” head circumference. Head is dense: visible airspace in a cut head is less than XX% and core length is still 10 cm or less (increases with age). Wrapper leaf that is tight against the head curls up a little. Early maturing heads in the field are starting to split. Revised August 25, 2014 9 CABBAGE GROWTH STAGES Cotyledon Seedling 6-8 true leaves 1. 2. 9-12 true leaves 3. Precupping 4. Cupping 5. Early head formation 7. 6. Head fill Mature 8. Revised August 25, 2014 9. 10 CAULIFLOWER Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves Transplant Number of true leaves 6-8 true leaves Number of true leaves Cupping Curd initiation Curd development Mature Early flowering Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfolded. Count number of unfolded true leaves. Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of unfolded true leaves Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 6-8TL. Count number of unfolded true leaves. Around 12-16 true leaves the innermost heart leaves begin to curve around the growing tip where the head will initiate. The curd is initiated when plants reach vegetative maturity and cool mean temperatures occur (i.e. 58-68F for summer types – questioning this). The curd becomes visible, but is very small (i.e. less than ½” diameter). As the curds develop measure the circumference around the main curd on each plant you examine. Curds have reached typical size and form for that variety. Record the median curd circumference. Buds in the curd begin to flower, flower branches begin to elongate and petals become visible but flowers have not yet opened. Record the percentage of plants in the trial site that are beginning to flower. Revised August 25, 2014 11 KALE Stage name Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves Transplant Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves First harvest Stem elongation Plant decline Harvest period ends Bolting Revised August 25, 2014 Description Cotyledonous leaves emerge from the soil. Count number of unfolded true leaves that have the color typical for the variety Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of unfolded true leaves 5-6 true leaves are fully unfolded. This is the beginning of the period of N uptake. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves Leaves have reached typical size and shape for harvest for that variety Note beginning of stem elongation. For example, 3-5” visible stalk from center of rosette to the top growing point. Leaf quality is declining and number of harvestable leaves for bunching is declining No longer economical to harvest plants Main shoot begins to elongate 12 CUCURBITACEAE CUCUMBER Growth Stage Emergence Transplant Number of true leaves 4-5 leaf stage Flower bud emergence Flower bud development Beginning reproductive growth Beginning of fruit set Fruit length Harvest maturity Harvest period End of harvest Description Cotyledons break through soil surface Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of true leaves on main stem fully unfolded. 4-5 true leaves fully unfolded Note presence of first visible flower buds. Flower buds are developing but there are no open flowers. First open male or female flower. 50% of plants have first open flower. First fruit begin to expand. Record the length of the earliest developing fruit Fruit has reached typical harvest size for variety. Generally 5-7” fruit length. Record first harvest date. Harvest continues Plants decline and fruit is no longer harvested 2. 1. 6. 3. 4. 5. Revised August 25, 2014 13 SUMMER SQUASH Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Transplant Number of true leaves 4-5 leaf stage Flower bud emergence Beginning reproductive growth Beginning of fruit set Fruit expansion Harvest maturity First harvest Ongoing harvest End of harvest Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfurrowed. Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of unfolded true leaves. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 4-5 true leaves. Note presence of first visible flower buds. First open male or female flower. 50% of plants have first open flower. First fruit begin to expand. Fruit has set and is continuing to expand. Record fruit length. Fruit has reached typical harvest size for variety. Generally 5-7” fruit length for zucchini and summer squash types. Record first harvest date Harvest continuing Plants decline and fruit no longer harvested (i.e. powdery mildew, leaf senescence, frost damage) Revised August 25, 2014 14 WINTER SQUASH Growth Stage Cotyledon (emergence) Transplant Number of true leaves 4-5 leaf stage Flower bud emergence Beginning reproductive growth Beginning of fruit set Fruit expansion Physiological maturity Fruit ripening Percent mature Vine die-back Harvest maturity Description Fully emerged and primary (unifoliate) leaves completely unfurrowed. Record number of true leaves at transplanting Count number of unfolded true leaves. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 4-5 true leaves Note presence of first visible flower buds. First open male or female flower. 50% of plants have first open flower. First fruit begin to expand. Fruit has set and is continuing to expand. Record fruit length. First fruit has reached typical size and form but is not yet ripe. Record percentage of fruit at different color ripeness of the most mature fruit. Color will vary depending on species and type: tan fruited types go from green to tan (with no green stripes), orange fruited types go from yellow to rich orange, in green fruited types, the ground spot goes from pale to deep yellow or yellow-orange. Record the percentage of fruit that have fully mature color (i.e. no green lines in brown fruit) May occur early if fusarium wilt and/or powdery mildew is present, or may occur only after a killing frost. 90% of the potentially marketable fruit in the field has mature color Revised August 25, 2014 15 FABACEAE SNAP BEANS (Andaloro et al. 1983 and project team): Growth Stage Emergence Unifoliate leaves 1-2 trifoliate leaves Number of trifoliate leaves Bud emergence Popcorn bloom Percent bloom Pod development Pod filling Green harvest maturity (snap beans) Physiological maturity1 Dry seed harvest maturity1 1 Description Seedlings emerge and cotyledons are exposed. First 2 unifoliate leaves are unfolded. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is estimated at 1-2 trifoliate leaves. Count number of fully unfolded trifoliate leaves (up to 5-6). Flower buds form. 50% of plants have one or more flowers that are open and showing white colored petals. NB. Important stage for white mold fungicide application. Record percentage of plants that have one or more flowers open. Note hot temperatures which can cause flowers to abort Pods are developing to their full length, but are not filling. Note hot temperatures Pods are filling as the seeds develop. Somewhat variety dependent (adjust for market preference). For a full sieve bean, 50% 1-4 sieve. Smaller sieve size beans will have different targets. An alternate measurement is to line up 10 seeds, each extracted from the middle position of the most mature pods from 10 plants. Variety is ready to harvest when length measures 10 cm or more. 70% buckskin pods for snaps; 80% buckskin pods for dry beans (ready for cutting and windrowing). Pods ready to thresh. Crisp pods that easily crack in fingers, check middle of windrow. For seed crops only. Green bean harvest delays dry seed maturity. Revised August 25, 2014 16 1. 2. 3. 6. 4. 5. Revised August 25, 2014 17 POACEAE SWEET CORN Growth Stage Description Cotyledon (emergence) Number of true leaves 5 leaf stage Number of true leaves Tassel emergence 5 inch tassels Tasseling 5% silk emerge Silk emergence 50% silk emerged Silk emergence Brown silks develop Fresh market harvest Processing market harvest Emergence from soil. Single cotyledon leaf is unfolded. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves (not including coltyledon leaf). 50% of plants have 5 leaves partially or fully expanded. Count number of fully unfolded true leaves coming from main stem. Do not count all leaves on tillers (side-shoots). Tassel detectable at top of stem, record percent plants with tassels. 80% of plants have tassels at least 5 inches in length. Record percent plants with tassels. 5% of ears have at least some silk showing. Record percentage of ears that have at least some silk showing. 50% of ears have at least some silk showing. Record percentage of ears that have at least some silk showing. Record percentage of ears that have mostly brown silk. For example the silk on the main ear is predominantly brown and drying up, not just brown at the tip. Cobs are mature with full kernels at tip. Past milk stage and sweet to taste. Kernels meet requirements for processing. Percent moisture: 72-73% for sugary types and 75-76% for sh2. Processor calls pick date. Revised August 25, 2014 18 SOLANACEAE PEPPER Growth Stage Transplant Number of true leaves 5-6 true leaves Number of true leaves First side shoots present Flower bud emergence Bud development First flowering Fruit set Fruit growth Mature green stage Green fresh market harvest Green processing market harvest Ripening of fruit First ripe fruits Red fresh market harvest Red processing harvest End of Harvest Revised August 25, 2014 Description Record number of true leaves at planting Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. Beginning of rapid N accumulation is about 5-6 true leaves Count number of fully unfolded true leaves. First side-shoot visible in leaf axils. In some types this occurs at the same time as emergence of first inflorescence. In these cases, note both. First flower buds visible (first bud erect) Buds are present but flowers have not opened. First flower open on 50% of the plants First fruitlets visible but very small (cell division), less than 1” diameter. First fruit expanding (cell expansion), greater than 1” diameter. Record length of most mature fruit. First fruit could be harvested as green pepper Median plant has at least four fruit at mature green stage Record harvest date Record color of most mature fruit (green, chocolate, red) First fruit could be harvested as fully ripe pepper Median plant has at least four ripe fruit Record harvest date for red processing peppers Fruit no longer harvested 19 TOMATO Growth Stage Transplant Number of true leaves Bud emergence First side shoot present First flowering Fruit set Fruit growth Physiological maturity Fruit ripening Ripe fruit Harvest Ongoing harvest End of harvest Revised August 25, 2014 Description Record number of fully expanded true leaves at planting Count number of fully unfolded true leaves coming from main stem. Leaves are compound and multi-foliate, be sure not to count individual leaflets. First inflorescence buds visible First side-shoot visible in leaf axils. In some types this occurs at the same time as emergence of first inflorescence. In these cases, note both. First flower open on 50% of the plants First fruitlets visible but very small (cell division), less than 1” diameter. First fruit expanding (cell expansion), greater than 1” diameter. First fruit has reached typical size and form but is still green or unripe. Seeds are maturing. Record color of most mature fruit on the median plant: breaker (first color change), pink, light red, red. Record percentage of plants with first ripe fruit and number of ripe fruit per plant on the median plant. Record first harvest date and number of ripe fruit per plant on the median plant (varies by variety). Harvest continues Fruit no longer harvested 20 APPENDIX 1: VEGETABLE THRESHOLD TEMPERATURES Insert table Revised August 25, 2014 21 APPENDIX 2: GROWTH STAGE FIELD NOTES Insert later when changes are made. How to format, section break? Revised August 25, 2014 22 REFERENCES Crop Phenology for Irrigated Chiles (Capsicum annuum L.) in Arizona and New Mexico. 2006, Soto-Ortiz Revised August 25, 2014 23