Download a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES

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I. CHARACTERISITCS OF SEED PLANTS
. . A. ALL HAVE VASCULAR TISSUE
. . . . 1. VASCULAR TISSUE TRANSPORTS MATERIALS
. . . . . . a. PHLOEM: TUBES WHICH TRANSPORT FOOD DOWN FOR STORAGE
. . . . . . b. XYLEM: LARGER TUBES WHICH TRANSPORT WATER UP STEM
. . . . 2. VASCULAR TISSUE HELPS SUPPORT PLANT AGAINST GRAVITY
. . . . 3. USED TO STORE THE FOOD PRODUCED
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. . B. SEEDS: RESULT OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, HAS THREE COMPONENTS
. . . . 1. EMBRYO: DEVELOPS FROM ZYGOTE (FERTILIZED EGG)
. . . . . . a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES
. . . . . . b. HAS 1 OR 2 COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES)
. . . . 2. EMBRYO: DEVELOPS FROM ZYGOTE (FERTILIZED EGG)
. . . . . . a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES
. . . . . . b. HAS 1 OR 2 COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES)
. . . . 3. STORED FOOD: NOURISHES EMBRYO UNTIL LEAVES SPROUT
. . . . 4. SEED COAT: OUTER PROTECTIVE COVERING ("SKIN") OF SEED
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. . .C. SEED DISPERSAL: DISTRIBUTES NEW PLANTS TO NEW AREAS
. . . . . . 1. NEEDED TO ALLOW SEED ENOUGH SUN, NUTRIENT AND WATER
. . . . . . 2. FOUR COMMON METHODS OF SEED DISPERSAL
. . . . . . . . . a. ANIMALS EAT FRUIT WITH SEEDS, EXPEL SEEDS IN WASTE
. . . . . . . . . . . . OR BARBS ON SEED COAT ATTACH TO FUR
. . . . . . . . . b. SEEDS DISPERSED BY WATER
. . . . . . . . . c. SEEDS DISPERSED BY WIND
. . . . . . . . . d. MAY BURST FROM A SEED POD
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. . .D. GERMINATION: EARLY GROWTH STAGE OF EMBRYO
. . . . 1. ROOTS EMERGE, GROW DOWN WITH GRAVITY, LEAVES GROW UP
. . . . . . a. ROOTS AND STEM SENSE GRAVITY, HAVE OPPOSITE RESPONSES
. . . . . . b. 1 - 2 EMBRYONIC LEAVES BREAK SURFACE, FIRST PHOTOSYNTHESIS
. . . . 2. GERMINATION RELIES ON ENERGY STORED IN SEED, ENDS WHEN
. . . . . . . LEAVES BEGIN PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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. . E. THE FUNCTION OF THE LEAF
. . . . 1. CAPTURES AND HELPS CONTROL SUNLIGHT
. . . . . . a. HAS CHLOROPLASTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
. . . . . . b. MAKES FOOD AND STORES ENERGY IN FORM OF STARCH
. . . . 2. ALLOWS FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GASES, MOVEMENT OF WATER,
. . F. TRANSPIRATION: EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM STOMATA
. . . . 1. EVAPORATION PULLS WATER UP FROM ROOTS
. . . . 2. REGULATES EXCESSIVE LOSS DURING DRY PERIODS AND AT NIGHT
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. . G. STRUCTURE OF THE LEAF
. . . . 1. CUTICLE: WAXY, WATERPROOF COVERING
. . . . 2. UPPER EPIDERMIS: UPPER PROTECTIVE LAYER OF CELLS
. . . . 3. PALISADE LAYER: ELONGATED LAYER WITH CHLOROPLASTS
. . . . . . a. MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS
. . . . . . b. LONG SHAPE ALLOWS CHLOPRPLASTS TO MOVE UP AND DOWN
. . . . 4. AIR SPACES: IN SPONGY LAYER, ALLOW EXCHANGE OF GASES (CO2, H2O)
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. . . 5. SPONGY LAYER: ROUNDISH CELLS FOR STORAGE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS
. . . 6. FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLE (LEAF VEIN): CONATINS XYLEM, PHLOEM
. . . 7. LOWER EPIDERMIS: CELL LAYER, PROTECTS BOTTOM OF LEAF
. . . 8. STOMATA: OPENINGS IN BOTTOM OF LEAF, ALLOW GAS EXCHANGE
. . . 9. GUARD CELLS: OPEN AND CLOSE STOMATES TO CONTROL MOISTURE
. . . . . . a. WHEN WET, CELL SWELL LIKE BALLOONS, OPEN STOMATE
. . . . . . b. WHEN DRY, CELLS SHRINK, SNAP STOMATE SHUT
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. .H. STEMS: USED TO SUPPORT PLANT, HOLDS UP LEAVES, FOOD STORAGE
. . . . 1. HERBACEOUS STEMS: SOFT, GREEN STEMS
. . . . . . a. OUTER HERBACEOUS STEM: EPIDERMIS, CORTEX FOR STORAGE
. . . . . . b. INNER : FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLES, PITH (STORES, SUPPORT
. . . . 2. WOODY STEMS: HARD, RIGID, WITH OUTER PROTECTIVE BARK
. . . . . . a. PHLOEM INSIDE BARK (SAPWOOD)
. . . . . . b. CAMBIUM LAYER DIVIDES TO MAKE NEW XYLEM, PHLOEM
. . . . . . c. HEARTWOOD MADE OF XYLEM CELLS, HAS ANNUAL RINGS
. . . . . . d. CENTRAL PITH STORES FOOD, WATER, SUPPORTS PLANT
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. .I. ROOTS; ANCHOR THE PLANT, ABSORB WATER, NUTRIENTS
. . . . 1. TAPROOT: LONG THICK CENTRAL ROOT WITH ROOT HAIRS (CARROT)
. . . . 2. FIBROUS ROOTS: SEVERAL MAIN ROOTS IN A BRANCHING PATTERN
. . . . 3. ROOT STRUCTURE
. . . . . . a. ROOT CAP PROTECTS ROOT TIP, EPIDERMIS PROTECTS REST OF ROOT
. . . . . . b. AREA OF MITOSIS BEHIND ROOT CAP, THEN REGION OF GROWTH
. . . . . . c. MATURE ROOT CELLS FORM ROOT HAIRS
. . . . . . d. CAMBIUM FORMS NEW XYLEM, PHLOEM, CORTEX AREA STORES FOOD
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II. GYMNOSPERMS: NAKED SEEDS, NEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES, DEEP ROOT SYSTEMS
. .A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
. . . . 1. SEEDS LACK PROTECTIVE COVERINGS, OFTEN ERUPT FROM CONES
. . . . 2. MOST ARE TREES SUCH AS PINE, SEQUOIA, SPRUCE
. . . . 3. SOME ARE SHRUBS OR VINES
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. . B. THE FOUR TYPES OF GYMNOSPERMS
. . . . . 1. CYCADS: TROPICAL, PALM-LIKE, HAVE HUGE CONES, AMONG OLDEST
. . . . . . 2. GINKO: ALSO VERY OLD, ONLY ONE SPECIES SURVIVES, MAY BE 25m
. . . . . . 3. GNETOPHYTES: LIVE IN DESERTS, RAIN FORESTS, INCLUDE SOME
. . . . . . . . . TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES
. . . . . . 4. CONIFERS: LARGEST AND MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF CONE-BEARERS
. . . . . . . a. MOST CONIFERS ARE EVERGREEN (GREEN YEAR-LONG)
. . . . . . . . . b. INCLUDE HEMLOCKS, JUNIPERS, CEDARS, REDWOODS, PINES, etc.
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. . . C. LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERMS.
. . . . 1. GYMNOSPERM PRODUCES MALE, FEMALE CONES
. . . . . . a. SMALLER MALE CONES MAKE, EXPEL POLLEN GRAINS (SPERM)
. . . . . . b. FEMALE CONE SCALES HAVE AN OVULE WITH AN EGG CELL(S)
. . . . 2. POLLEN RELEASED, SCATTERED ON WIND
. . . . 3. POLLEN ATTACHES TO STICKY OVULE, GROWS TUBE INTO OVULE
. . . . 4. SPERM CELL MOVES DOWN TUBE, FERTILIZES EGG CELL(S)
. . . . 5. FERTILIZED EGG BECOMES EMBRYO, OVULE BECOMES SEED COAT
. . . . 6. WIND DISPERSES SEEDS, NEW PLANT GROWS IS CONDITIONS ARE GOOD
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III. ANGIOSPERMS: HAVE SEEDS ENCLOSED IN A FRUIT AND PRODUCE FLOWERS
. . A. FLOWER: REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN WITH BOTH MALE. FEMALE STRUCTURES
. . . . 1. BUD: DEVELOPING FLOWER ENCLOSES IN LEAF-LIKE SEPALS
. . . . 2. PETALS: COLORFUL STRUCTURES AROUND REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
. . . . . . a. PETALS ATTARCT POLLINATORS SUCH AS INSECTS AND BIRDS
. . . . . . b. SURROUND AND PROTECT REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES
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. . . . . . 3. PISTILS: FEMALE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF STIGMA, STYLE, OVARY
. . . . . . . . . a. OVARY: FEMALE ORGAN WITH EGGS AT BASE OF PISTIL IN FLOWER
. . . . . . . . . b. STYLE: TUBE WHICH CONNECTS STIGMA, OVARY
. . . . . . . . . c. STIGMA: STICKY TOP OF STYLE, COLLECTS POLLEN
. . . . . . 4. STAMEN: MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE, MAKES POLLEN
. . . . . . . . . a. FILAMENT: STALK WHICH HOLDS THE ANTHER IN CENTER OF FLOWER
. . . . . . . . . b. ANTHER: POLLEN-PRODUCING ORGAN OF FLOWER
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. . B. ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION: POLLINATION BY WIND, INSECTS, ANIMALS
. . . . 1. POLLINATION: POLLEN LANDS ON STIGMA, FORMS TUBE DOWN STYLE
. . . . 2. FERTILIZATION: POLLEN JOINS WITH EGG IN OVARY CREATING ZYGOTE
. . . . 3. EMBYRO DEVELOPS INTO SEED, OVARY INTO FRUIT
. . . . . . a. FRUIT: RIPENED, ENLARGED PLANT OVARY
. . . . . . b. FRUITS EATEN BY ANIMALS, DISPERSING SEEDS IN THEIR WASTE
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. . C. TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS: CLASSIFIED BY COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES)
. . . . 1. MONOCOTS: HAVE ONE EMBYRONIC SEED LEAF
. . . . . . . a. ANGIOSPERMS WITH PARALLEL LEAF VEINS, SCATTERED F.V. BUNDLES
. . . . . . . b. INCLUDE GRASSES, CORN
. . . . 2. DICOTS: HAVE TWO SEED LEAVES, MORE COMPLEX
. . . . . . . a. DICOTS HAVE BRANCHED LEAF VEINS, CIRCULAR F.V. BUNDLES
. . . . . . . b. INCLUDES BEANS, TREES
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IV. TROPISMS: STIMULATES PLANTS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY
. . A. THIGMOTROPISM: A RESPONSE TOWARD OR AWAY FROM TOUCH
. . B. CHEMOTROPISM: TOWARD OR AWAY FROM CHEMICALS
. . C. PHOTOTROPISM: REACTION TO LIGHT (LEAVES POSITIVE, ROOTS NEGATIVE)
. . D. GEOTROPISM: REACTION TO GRAVITY (STEM NEAGTIVE, ROOTS POSITIVE)
. . E. HYDROTROPISM: REACTION TO WATER
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