Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Gartons Agricultural Plant Breeders wikipedia , lookup
Evolutionary history of plants wikipedia , lookup
Plant morphology wikipedia , lookup
Plant evolutionary developmental biology wikipedia , lookup
Perovskia atriplicifolia wikipedia , lookup
Plant reproduction wikipedia , lookup
1 I. CHARACTERISITCS OF SEED PLANTS . . A. ALL HAVE VASCULAR TISSUE . . . . 1. VASCULAR TISSUE TRANSPORTS MATERIALS . . . . . . a. PHLOEM: TUBES WHICH TRANSPORT FOOD DOWN FOR STORAGE . . . . . . b. XYLEM: LARGER TUBES WHICH TRANSPORT WATER UP STEM . . . . 2. VASCULAR TISSUE HELPS SUPPORT PLANT AGAINST GRAVITY . . . . 3. USED TO STORE THE FOOD PRODUCED 2 . . B. SEEDS: RESULT OF SEXUAL REPRODUCTION, HAS THREE COMPONENTS . . . . 1. EMBRYO: DEVELOPS FROM ZYGOTE (FERTILIZED EGG) . . . . . . a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES . . . . . . b. HAS 1 OR 2 COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES) . . . . 2. EMBRYO: DEVELOPS FROM ZYGOTE (FERTILIZED EGG) . . . . . . a. YOUNG PLANT WITH BEGINNINGS OF ROOTS, STEM, LEAVES . . . . . . b. HAS 1 OR 2 COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES) . . . . 3. STORED FOOD: NOURISHES EMBRYO UNTIL LEAVES SPROUT . . . . 4. SEED COAT: OUTER PROTECTIVE COVERING ("SKIN") OF SEED 3 . . .C. SEED DISPERSAL: DISTRIBUTES NEW PLANTS TO NEW AREAS . . . . . . 1. NEEDED TO ALLOW SEED ENOUGH SUN, NUTRIENT AND WATER . . . . . . 2. FOUR COMMON METHODS OF SEED DISPERSAL . . . . . . . . . a. ANIMALS EAT FRUIT WITH SEEDS, EXPEL SEEDS IN WASTE . . . . . . . . . . . . OR BARBS ON SEED COAT ATTACH TO FUR . . . . . . . . . b. SEEDS DISPERSED BY WATER . . . . . . . . . c. SEEDS DISPERSED BY WIND . . . . . . . . . d. MAY BURST FROM A SEED POD 4 . . .D. GERMINATION: EARLY GROWTH STAGE OF EMBRYO . . . . 1. ROOTS EMERGE, GROW DOWN WITH GRAVITY, LEAVES GROW UP . . . . . . a. ROOTS AND STEM SENSE GRAVITY, HAVE OPPOSITE RESPONSES . . . . . . b. 1 - 2 EMBRYONIC LEAVES BREAK SURFACE, FIRST PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . . 2. GERMINATION RELIES ON ENERGY STORED IN SEED, ENDS WHEN . . . . . . . LEAVES BEGIN PHOTOSYNTHESIS 5 . . E. THE FUNCTION OF THE LEAF . . . . 1. CAPTURES AND HELPS CONTROL SUNLIGHT . . . . . . a. HAS CHLOROPLASTS FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . b. MAKES FOOD AND STORES ENERGY IN FORM OF STARCH . . . . 2. ALLOWS FOR THE EXCHANGE OF GASES, MOVEMENT OF WATER, . . F. TRANSPIRATION: EVAPORATION OF WATER FROM STOMATA . . . . 1. EVAPORATION PULLS WATER UP FROM ROOTS . . . . 2. REGULATES EXCESSIVE LOSS DURING DRY PERIODS AND AT NIGHT 6 . . G. STRUCTURE OF THE LEAF . . . . 1. CUTICLE: WAXY, WATERPROOF COVERING . . . . 2. UPPER EPIDERMIS: UPPER PROTECTIVE LAYER OF CELLS . . . . 3. PALISADE LAYER: ELONGATED LAYER WITH CHLOROPLASTS . . . . . . a. MAINLY RESPONSIBLE FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . . . . b. LONG SHAPE ALLOWS CHLOPRPLASTS TO MOVE UP AND DOWN . . . . 4. AIR SPACES: IN SPONGY LAYER, ALLOW EXCHANGE OF GASES (CO2, H2O) 7 . . . 5. SPONGY LAYER: ROUNDISH CELLS FOR STORAGE, PHOTOSYNTHESIS . . . 6. FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLE (LEAF VEIN): CONATINS XYLEM, PHLOEM . . . 7. LOWER EPIDERMIS: CELL LAYER, PROTECTS BOTTOM OF LEAF . . . 8. STOMATA: OPENINGS IN BOTTOM OF LEAF, ALLOW GAS EXCHANGE . . . 9. GUARD CELLS: OPEN AND CLOSE STOMATES TO CONTROL MOISTURE . . . . . . a. WHEN WET, CELL SWELL LIKE BALLOONS, OPEN STOMATE . . . . . . b. WHEN DRY, CELLS SHRINK, SNAP STOMATE SHUT 8 . .H. STEMS: USED TO SUPPORT PLANT, HOLDS UP LEAVES, FOOD STORAGE . . . . 1. HERBACEOUS STEMS: SOFT, GREEN STEMS . . . . . . a. OUTER HERBACEOUS STEM: EPIDERMIS, CORTEX FOR STORAGE . . . . . . b. INNER : FIBROVASCULAR BUNDLES, PITH (STORES, SUPPORT . . . . 2. WOODY STEMS: HARD, RIGID, WITH OUTER PROTECTIVE BARK . . . . . . a. PHLOEM INSIDE BARK (SAPWOOD) . . . . . . b. CAMBIUM LAYER DIVIDES TO MAKE NEW XYLEM, PHLOEM . . . . . . c. HEARTWOOD MADE OF XYLEM CELLS, HAS ANNUAL RINGS . . . . . . d. CENTRAL PITH STORES FOOD, WATER, SUPPORTS PLANT 9 . .I. ROOTS; ANCHOR THE PLANT, ABSORB WATER, NUTRIENTS . . . . 1. TAPROOT: LONG THICK CENTRAL ROOT WITH ROOT HAIRS (CARROT) . . . . 2. FIBROUS ROOTS: SEVERAL MAIN ROOTS IN A BRANCHING PATTERN . . . . 3. ROOT STRUCTURE . . . . . . a. ROOT CAP PROTECTS ROOT TIP, EPIDERMIS PROTECTS REST OF ROOT . . . . . . b. AREA OF MITOSIS BEHIND ROOT CAP, THEN REGION OF GROWTH . . . . . . c. MATURE ROOT CELLS FORM ROOT HAIRS . . . . . . d. CAMBIUM FORMS NEW XYLEM, PHLOEM, CORTEX AREA STORES FOOD 10 II. GYMNOSPERMS: NAKED SEEDS, NEEDLE-LIKE LEAVES, DEEP ROOT SYSTEMS . .A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS . . . . 1. SEEDS LACK PROTECTIVE COVERINGS, OFTEN ERUPT FROM CONES . . . . 2. MOST ARE TREES SUCH AS PINE, SEQUOIA, SPRUCE . . . . 3. SOME ARE SHRUBS OR VINES 11 . . B. THE FOUR TYPES OF GYMNOSPERMS . . . . . 1. CYCADS: TROPICAL, PALM-LIKE, HAVE HUGE CONES, AMONG OLDEST . . . . . . 2. GINKO: ALSO VERY OLD, ONLY ONE SPECIES SURVIVES, MAY BE 25m . . . . . . 3. GNETOPHYTES: LIVE IN DESERTS, RAIN FORESTS, INCLUDE SOME . . . . . . . . . TREES, SHRUBS AND VINES . . . . . . 4. CONIFERS: LARGEST AND MOST DIVERSE GROUP OF CONE-BEARERS . . . . . . . a. MOST CONIFERS ARE EVERGREEN (GREEN YEAR-LONG) . . . . . . . . . b. INCLUDE HEMLOCKS, JUNIPERS, CEDARS, REDWOODS, PINES, etc. 12 . . . C. LIFE CYCLE OF GYMNOSPERMS. . . . . 1. GYMNOSPERM PRODUCES MALE, FEMALE CONES . . . . . . a. SMALLER MALE CONES MAKE, EXPEL POLLEN GRAINS (SPERM) . . . . . . b. FEMALE CONE SCALES HAVE AN OVULE WITH AN EGG CELL(S) . . . . 2. POLLEN RELEASED, SCATTERED ON WIND . . . . 3. POLLEN ATTACHES TO STICKY OVULE, GROWS TUBE INTO OVULE . . . . 4. SPERM CELL MOVES DOWN TUBE, FERTILIZES EGG CELL(S) . . . . 5. FERTILIZED EGG BECOMES EMBRYO, OVULE BECOMES SEED COAT . . . . 6. WIND DISPERSES SEEDS, NEW PLANT GROWS IS CONDITIONS ARE GOOD 13 III. ANGIOSPERMS: HAVE SEEDS ENCLOSED IN A FRUIT AND PRODUCE FLOWERS . . A. FLOWER: REPRODUCTIVE ORGAN WITH BOTH MALE. FEMALE STRUCTURES . . . . 1. BUD: DEVELOPING FLOWER ENCLOSES IN LEAF-LIKE SEPALS . . . . 2. PETALS: COLORFUL STRUCTURES AROUND REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES . . . . . . a. PETALS ATTARCT POLLINATORS SUCH AS INSECTS AND BIRDS . . . . . . b. SURROUND AND PROTECT REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURES 14 . . . . . . 3. PISTILS: FEMALE STRUCTURE CONSISTS OF STIGMA, STYLE, OVARY . . . . . . . . . a. OVARY: FEMALE ORGAN WITH EGGS AT BASE OF PISTIL IN FLOWER . . . . . . . . . b. STYLE: TUBE WHICH CONNECTS STIGMA, OVARY . . . . . . . . . c. STIGMA: STICKY TOP OF STYLE, COLLECTS POLLEN . . . . . . 4. STAMEN: MALE REPRODUCTIVE STRUCTURE, MAKES POLLEN . . . . . . . . . a. FILAMENT: STALK WHICH HOLDS THE ANTHER IN CENTER OF FLOWER . . . . . . . . . b. ANTHER: POLLEN-PRODUCING ORGAN OF FLOWER 15 . . B. ANGIOSPERM REPRODUCTION: POLLINATION BY WIND, INSECTS, ANIMALS . . . . 1. POLLINATION: POLLEN LANDS ON STIGMA, FORMS TUBE DOWN STYLE . . . . 2. FERTILIZATION: POLLEN JOINS WITH EGG IN OVARY CREATING ZYGOTE . . . . 3. EMBYRO DEVELOPS INTO SEED, OVARY INTO FRUIT . . . . . . a. FRUIT: RIPENED, ENLARGED PLANT OVARY . . . . . . b. FRUITS EATEN BY ANIMALS, DISPERSING SEEDS IN THEIR WASTE 16 . . C. TYPES OF ANGIOSPERMS: CLASSIFIED BY COTYLEDONS (SEED LEAVES) . . . . 1. MONOCOTS: HAVE ONE EMBYRONIC SEED LEAF . . . . . . . a. ANGIOSPERMS WITH PARALLEL LEAF VEINS, SCATTERED F.V. BUNDLES . . . . . . . b. INCLUDE GRASSES, CORN . . . . 2. DICOTS: HAVE TWO SEED LEAVES, MORE COMPLEX . . . . . . . a. DICOTS HAVE BRANCHED LEAF VEINS, CIRCULAR F.V. BUNDLES . . . . . . . b. INCLUDES BEANS, TREES 17 IV. TROPISMS: STIMULATES PLANTS POSITIVELY OR NEGATIVELY . . A. THIGMOTROPISM: A RESPONSE TOWARD OR AWAY FROM TOUCH . . B. CHEMOTROPISM: TOWARD OR AWAY FROM CHEMICALS . . C. PHOTOTROPISM: REACTION TO LIGHT (LEAVES POSITIVE, ROOTS NEGATIVE) . . D. GEOTROPISM: REACTION TO GRAVITY (STEM NEAGTIVE, ROOTS POSITIVE) . . E. HYDROTROPISM: REACTION TO WATER http://www.harcourtschool.com/glossary/science/images/gr5/phloem_xylem5.jpg http://www.phschool.com/science/biology_place/labbench/lab9/images/xylem.gif http://universe-review.ca/I10-22a-xylem.jpg http://www.park.edu/bhoffman/courses/bi225/images/xylem.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BishopWeb/MakBMLgVBUS300Lab.jpg http://blueoaktherapycenter.org/images/Therapist%20Pictures/Pics%20for%20website/oak%20tree%204web1.JPG http://www.namamillers.org/images/CrossSectionViewofWheat.gif http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/cornkernel.gif http://http://img.sparknotes.com/figures/B/b1ab5bb87aee74a86fdae78ed564e663/dicotseed.gif http://http://www.bio.uu.nl/LandscapeEcology/pictures/merel/photos/seed%20dispersal%20of%20Cirsium%20arvense.jpg http://waynesword.palomar.edu/images/spinsd4.gif http://teacherlink.org/content/science/instructional/activities/seeds/figure1.gif http://www.units.muohio.edu/dragonfly/itb/cherryseed.gif http://nationalzoo.si.edu/Animals/BackyardBiology/UrbanNatureWatch/images/cover_SeedDispersal_Squirre.jpg http://www.paeonia.com/assets/decoration/seed_pod.jpg http://www.tfrc.csiro.au/research/SeedDispersal04.jpg http://http://www.agedstore.com/images/plant/models/568888.jpg http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT410/Angiosperm/Seeds/LegGermSdlingBIODMod.jpg http://www.seedbiology.de/hormones.asp http://members.iinet.net.au/~jmalcolm/images/seedgerm.jpg http://www.borg.com/~lubehawk/lflayrs.jpg http://z.about.com/d/forestry/1/0/T/8/leafsect.gif http://www.digitalfrog.com/resources/archives/leaf.jpg http://imbi.bio.indiana.edu/images/microscopy/sem4.jpg http://www.lima.ohio-state.edu/academics/biology/images/ligust3.jpg http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/courses/img/Botany_130/Anatomy/Leaf/Syringa/lamina.jpg http://res2.agr.ca/lethbridge/emia/images/confocal/SL2BGR.jpg http://home.earthlink.net/~dayvdanls/Transinleaf.gif http://www.humboldt.edu/~dll2/bot105/leaf/guard.gif http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/BOT311/BOT311-00/PlantWatMove/LeafXSDrawLab400.jpg http://staff.jccc.net/pdecell/plants/images/oakleaf2.jpg http://hort201.tamu.edu/prof/Vita/Hyperlinks/ShortCourseIndPubl/AnatomyMorphology2005_files/image005.gif http://www.microscopyu.com/galleries/dxm1200/herbaceousstemsmall.html http://blogs.warwick.ac.uk/images/gavinalexander/2005/02/20/bark.jpg http://www.puc.edu/Faculty/Gilbert_Muth/phot0004.jpg http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio111/images/stems/stems.7.jpg http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/R/root.gif http://www2.eou.edu/~kantell/img0013.jpg http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/Interface/web-lessons/Anatomy/Root/Images/Tap_root.jpg http://www.agry.purdue.edu/turf/weeds/violet/violet%20fibrous%20roots.jpg http://iweb.tntech.edu/mcaprio/root_fibrous.jpg http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/images/gymnosperm.gif http://skole.t-com.hr/os-daruvar-001/skola/photogallery/Ginko.JPG http://www.utas.edu.au/docs/plant_science/field_botany/web_images/micrtet3.gif http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/Cycadophyta/images/cycad.SAfr.JPEG http://home.vigay.com/photos/00-09-10/Ginko.jpg http://http://www.science.siu.edu/landplants/Gnetophyta/images/gnetophyte.icon.JPEG http://http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/images/mixedconifer.jpg http://www.ualr.edu/~botany/anglifecycle2.jpg http://i1.trekearth.com/photos/9954/pollination.jpg http://animals.timduru.org/dirlist/chipmunk/CHIPMUNK0-EATING_RED_FRUIT-ON_SCRUP_TREE.JPG http://www.stockpix.com/stock/animals/birds/songbirds/tanagers/4954.jpg http://botany.cs.tamu.edu/FLORA/dcs420/fa02/fa02083.jpg 18 19 20 21 22