Simulation of signal flow in 3D reconstructions of an anatomically
... all cell types that are connected to a presynaptic type (here: neurons of type A and B are postsynaptic partners of type B) (ii). All axon morphologies of a presynaptic cell type are transformed into a 3D bouton density distribution. This yields the number and 3D distribution of available synapses f ...
... all cell types that are connected to a presynaptic type (here: neurons of type A and B are postsynaptic partners of type B) (ii). All axon morphologies of a presynaptic cell type are transformed into a 3D bouton density distribution. This yields the number and 3D distribution of available synapses f ...
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... Pioneering work from a number of laboratories has begun to identify the cellular events in presynaptic terminal formation. In general, presynaptic terminal formation is induced by axo-dendritic contacts [1–6]. Upon stabilization of an axo-dendritic contact, synaptic vesicle (SV) and active zone (AZ) ...
... Pioneering work from a number of laboratories has begun to identify the cellular events in presynaptic terminal formation. In general, presynaptic terminal formation is induced by axo-dendritic contacts [1–6]. Upon stabilization of an axo-dendritic contact, synaptic vesicle (SV) and active zone (AZ) ...
Brain Oscillations Control Timing of Single
... the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at University of California, Los Angeles. We examined data from a total of 46 recording sessions from 20 different subjects (individual subjects participated in 1– 4 sessions) (for details, see supplemental Table 1, available at www. ...
... the guidelines of the Medical Institutional Review Board at University of California, Los Angeles. We examined data from a total of 46 recording sessions from 20 different subjects (individual subjects participated in 1– 4 sessions) (for details, see supplemental Table 1, available at www. ...
A Cholinergic Mechanism for Reward Timing within Primary Visual Cortex Please share
... The distribution of update index scores collected from intact, saline-infused animals has a median value which is not significantly different from a score of one (Wilcoxon signed-rank P = 0.8161) and shows a significant shift relative to the pre-reversal data (Fig. 3C, left), indicating that as a po ...
... The distribution of update index scores collected from intact, saline-infused animals has a median value which is not significantly different from a score of one (Wilcoxon signed-rank P = 0.8161) and shows a significant shift relative to the pre-reversal data (Fig. 3C, left), indicating that as a po ...
Mental state inference using visual control parameters
... movement can be formulated as a feedback control problem. For example, reaching a target in space requires, at least, ...
... movement can be formulated as a feedback control problem. For example, reaching a target in space requires, at least, ...
kwanPNAS08
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
... are generated sequentially so that early-born neurons occupy the deep layers and later-born neurons migrate past older neurons to settle in more superficial layers. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the laminar position and identity of projection neurons are being unraveled (3, 7). Previous stu ...
characterisation of dopamine neurons of the murine ventral
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
... neurons originating from this region project and receive input from various other brain regions and through several neurotransmitter systems. The attention was concentrated on the excitatory modulation suggested to regulate important functions of synaptic plasticity, which have been associated with ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... the electrical stimulation. Average latencies of muscle-tone suppressions elicited by electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation were 11.02 ⫾ 2.54 and 20.49 ⫾ 3.39 (SD) ms in the neck and in the hindlimb muscles, respectively. Following medullary stimulation, these latencies were 11.2 ...
... the electrical stimulation. Average latencies of muscle-tone suppressions elicited by electrical stimulation of the pontine reticular formation were 11.02 ⫾ 2.54 and 20.49 ⫾ 3.39 (SD) ms in the neck and in the hindlimb muscles, respectively. Following medullary stimulation, these latencies were 11.2 ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... caused by the assembly activity. At the most complex level, such ‘‘caused’’ effects may be motor outputs, decisions, plans, recalls, and thoughts. Sequences of unique assemblies (Figure 1A) evolve in both neuronal space and in time (Rabinovich et al., 2008a, 2008b). My second hypothesis is that, ana ...
... caused by the assembly activity. At the most complex level, such ‘‘caused’’ effects may be motor outputs, decisions, plans, recalls, and thoughts. Sequences of unique assemblies (Figure 1A) evolve in both neuronal space and in time (Rabinovich et al., 2008a, 2008b). My second hypothesis is that, ana ...
Forebrain glutamatergic neurons mediate leptin action on
... antidepressants. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, has antidepressant-like properties. However, the functional role of leptin receptor (Lepr) signaling in glutamatergic neurons remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the long form of Lepr was abla ...
... antidepressants. Leptin, an adipocyte-derived hormone, has antidepressant-like properties. However, the functional role of leptin receptor (Lepr) signaling in glutamatergic neurons remains to be elucidated. In this study, we generated conditional knockout mice in which the long form of Lepr was abla ...
WHAT IS THE MAMMALIAN DENTATE GYRUS GOOD FOR? Alessandro Treves
... another area may effectively „transfer‟ a pattern of activity from there, where it is determined by some unspecified process, to the associative memory network. McNaughton and Morris (1987) observed that the complex synapses on the mossy-fiber projections from dentate gyrus to CA3, which also by vir ...
... another area may effectively „transfer‟ a pattern of activity from there, where it is determined by some unspecified process, to the associative memory network. McNaughton and Morris (1987) observed that the complex synapses on the mossy-fiber projections from dentate gyrus to CA3, which also by vir ...
Representation in the Human Brain of Food Texture and Oral Fat
... NaHCO3 in distilled water) (de Araujo et al., 2003a). With respect to CMC, the term “apparent viscosity” is used to indicate that this compound does not behave rheologically as a Newtonian fluid, showing thinning behavior as shear forces increase (Verhagen et al., 2003), and that the viscosity measu ...
... NaHCO3 in distilled water) (de Araujo et al., 2003a). With respect to CMC, the term “apparent viscosity” is used to indicate that this compound does not behave rheologically as a Newtonian fluid, showing thinning behavior as shear forces increase (Verhagen et al., 2003), and that the viscosity measu ...
The Perirhinal, Entorhinal, and Parahippocampal Cortices and
... may also perform other specific functions. A first section briefly describes the putative specialized functional roles of the MTL subregions, namely, the perirhinal cortex (PRc; Broadmann areas [BA] 35/36), entorhinal cortex (ERc; BA 28/34), the posteriorly situated parahippocampal cortex (PHc; BA 3 ...
... may also perform other specific functions. A first section briefly describes the putative specialized functional roles of the MTL subregions, namely, the perirhinal cortex (PRc; Broadmann areas [BA] 35/36), entorhinal cortex (ERc; BA 28/34), the posteriorly situated parahippocampal cortex (PHc; BA 3 ...
Neuroanatomical characteristics of deep and superficial needling
... spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) under a fluorescent microscope. Results For both types of injection, labelled motor and sensory neurons were distributed on the side ipsilateral to the injection in the spinal cord and DRG between spinal levels C5 and T1. The number of labelled motor neurons ...
... spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) under a fluorescent microscope. Results For both types of injection, labelled motor and sensory neurons were distributed on the side ipsilateral to the injection in the spinal cord and DRG between spinal levels C5 and T1. The number of labelled motor neurons ...
PERSPECTIVES
... and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on the subject’s attention. The results showed a selective increase in MEPs in the regions that the subjects normally use for producing the observed movements. This increase was found during the observation of goal-directed movements and o ...
... and during a dimming-detection task that is highly demanding on the subject’s attention. The results showed a selective increase in MEPs in the regions that the subjects normally use for producing the observed movements. This increase was found during the observation of goal-directed movements and o ...
Sustained conditioned responses in prelimbic prefrontal neurons are
... School of Medicine, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067. E-mail: [email protected]. A. Burgos-Robles’s present address: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 46-2135, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, ...
... School of Medicine, P.O. Box 365067, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067. E-mail: [email protected]. A. Burgos-Robles’s present address: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 46-2135, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, ...
The stress-coping (mis)match hypothesis for nature×nurture
... this environment-driven variability is mediated by genotype. Rather, it is their view that experience can shape plasticity, and that a ‘fit’ between the person and his/her environment determines ‘for-better-and-for-worse’ outcomes. This evolutionary grounded view relates to the ‘environmental mismat ...
... this environment-driven variability is mediated by genotype. Rather, it is their view that experience can shape plasticity, and that a ‘fit’ between the person and his/her environment determines ‘for-better-and-for-worse’ outcomes. This evolutionary grounded view relates to the ‘environmental mismat ...
Integrator or coincidence detector? The role of the cortical neuron
... scheme these two kinds of errors have quite different consequences. Erroneous excitatory PSPs, whether stochastic or systematic, will have an effect only if they happen to coincide with a sufficient number of other PSPs which alone would not have reached threshold. Erroneous inhibitory PSPs, on the ...
... scheme these two kinds of errors have quite different consequences. Erroneous excitatory PSPs, whether stochastic or systematic, will have an effect only if they happen to coincide with a sufficient number of other PSPs which alone would not have reached threshold. Erroneous inhibitory PSPs, on the ...
Supraspinal control of ejaculation
... SSRIs inhibit desire, erection, & ejac. Less inhibition from SSRIs that also inhibit DA & NE reuptake &/or are 5-HT2 or α2 antagonists. SSRIs and NOS inhibitors used to treat premature ejaculation, but can be TOO ...
... SSRIs inhibit desire, erection, & ejac. Less inhibition from SSRIs that also inhibit DA & NE reuptake &/or are 5-HT2 or α2 antagonists. SSRIs and NOS inhibitors used to treat premature ejaculation, but can be TOO ...
Antioxidant Enzymes in Brain Cortex of Rats
... brain cortex. This observation is in accordance with the findings of ªAHIN and GÜMܪLÜ (2004) and it differs from our previous study of acute stress effects in hippocampus. In that brain region, we found that both acute stresses, IMMO and COLD, decreased activities of CuZnSOD and CAT (PAJOVIC et al. ...
... brain cortex. This observation is in accordance with the findings of ªAHIN and GÜMܪLÜ (2004) and it differs from our previous study of acute stress effects in hippocampus. In that brain region, we found that both acute stresses, IMMO and COLD, decreased activities of CuZnSOD and CAT (PAJOVIC et al. ...
Insula and Orbitofrontal Cortical Morphology in Substance
... of 34 cocaine-dependent subjects,19 compared with controls. One possibility for equivocal results may be methodologic. Many prior studies used voxel-based morphometry, which involves voxelwise tissue classification, normalization to a standard atlas, and statistical comparison to determine differenc ...
... of 34 cocaine-dependent subjects,19 compared with controls. One possibility for equivocal results may be methodologic. Many prior studies used voxel-based morphometry, which involves voxelwise tissue classification, normalization to a standard atlas, and statistical comparison to determine differenc ...
Relationship between muscle output and functional MRI
... 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% handgrip force was calculated. Each level was displayed on the oscilloscope as the target, and the subject was asked to match the target with the exerted force. One trial was performed at each level, and the time during which the force was on the target was about 5 s for ...
... 20%, 35%, 50%, 65%, and 80% handgrip force was calculated. Each level was displayed on the oscilloscope as the target, and the subject was asked to match the target with the exerted force. One trial was performed at each level, and the time during which the force was on the target was about 5 s for ...
Visuospatial processing and the right
... suggested, ‘‘The Ôimportant sideÕ of the left hemisphere is the anterior lobe, and the important side of the right the posterior lobe’’ (Jackson, 1874/1915). These neurological observations laid the groundwork for the popular view of hemispheric organization that emerged in subsequent years that the ...
... suggested, ‘‘The Ôimportant sideÕ of the left hemisphere is the anterior lobe, and the important side of the right the posterior lobe’’ (Jackson, 1874/1915). These neurological observations laid the groundwork for the popular view of hemispheric organization that emerged in subsequent years that the ...
Spike-timing dependent plasticity and the cognitive map
... O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). Furthermore, the selective elimination of causal temporal correlations in place cell activity prevents the potentiation of interconnecting synapses (Isaac et al., 2009). These findings suggest that rate-based models may not be adequate to replicate the dynamics o ...
... O’Keefe, 2007; Huxter et al., 2008). Furthermore, the selective elimination of causal temporal correlations in place cell activity prevents the potentiation of interconnecting synapses (Isaac et al., 2009). These findings suggest that rate-based models may not be adequate to replicate the dynamics o ...