Altered fear learning across development in both mouse and human
... inappropriate fear responses. Existing treatments, such as exposure therapy, are based on principles of fear extinction, during which cues previously associated with threat are presented in the absence of the initial aversive event until cues are considered safe and fear responses are reduced. Extin ...
... inappropriate fear responses. Existing treatments, such as exposure therapy, are based on principles of fear extinction, during which cues previously associated with threat are presented in the absence of the initial aversive event until cues are considered safe and fear responses are reduced. Extin ...
The dual-pathway model of auditory signal
... blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in bilateral posterior temporal areas, inferior and superior parietal cortices compared with the pitch judgment. This study provides the direct evidence that the neural systems involved in identifying and localizing auditory objects are functionally and neu ...
... blood-oxygen-level dependent (BOLD) signal in bilateral posterior temporal areas, inferior and superior parietal cortices compared with the pitch judgment. This study provides the direct evidence that the neural systems involved in identifying and localizing auditory objects are functionally and neu ...
Gut Microbiota: A Modulator of Brain Plasticity and Cognitive
... Studying the impact of infection on the brain and behaviour of animals has been important in further uncovering the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Bercik et al. investigated how chronic gut inflammation alters behaviour through infection of Trichuris muris, an organism closely associated to ...
... Studying the impact of infection on the brain and behaviour of animals has been important in further uncovering the role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Bercik et al. investigated how chronic gut inflammation alters behaviour through infection of Trichuris muris, an organism closely associated to ...
hippocampo–cerebellar theta band phase synchrony in rabbits
... US-alone trials were included in the analyses. Phase synchrony (PS) between two signals was calculated as described by Palva et al. (2005). First, the LFP signals were band-pass filtered (delta ⬃2 Hz, theta ⬃6 Hz, alpha ⬃12 Hz, beta ⬃20 Hz, and gamma ⬃60 Hz). Next, the filtered signals were transfor ...
... US-alone trials were included in the analyses. Phase synchrony (PS) between two signals was calculated as described by Palva et al. (2005). First, the LFP signals were band-pass filtered (delta ⬃2 Hz, theta ⬃6 Hz, alpha ⬃12 Hz, beta ⬃20 Hz, and gamma ⬃60 Hz). Next, the filtered signals were transfor ...
Somatotopic mapping of natural upper- and lower
... Precise delineation of pathological and eloquent cortices is essential in pre-neurosurgical diagnostics of epilepsy. A limitation of existing experimental procedures, however, is that they critically require active cooperation of the patient, which is not always achievable, particularly in infants a ...
... Precise delineation of pathological and eloquent cortices is essential in pre-neurosurgical diagnostics of epilepsy. A limitation of existing experimental procedures, however, is that they critically require active cooperation of the patient, which is not always achievable, particularly in infants a ...
The mirror mechanism: recent findings and perspectives
... monkey, plus the insula and the cingulate cortex (see [16–21]). This review focuses on recent data on the functional properties of parietal and premotor mirror neurons, including their role in intention understanding. In the last section, we discuss some human studies dealing with this latter issue. ...
... monkey, plus the insula and the cingulate cortex (see [16–21]). This review focuses on recent data on the functional properties of parietal and premotor mirror neurons, including their role in intention understanding. In the last section, we discuss some human studies dealing with this latter issue. ...
Imaging development and plasticity in the mouse visual system
... mouse visual cortex. I confirmed recent, debated findings in demonstrating strong MDinduced plasticity in adult animals, which was mediated by partly different mechanisms than in juvenile mice. I also found that restoring binocular vision after MD led to full recovery of eyespecific responses at all ...
... mouse visual cortex. I confirmed recent, debated findings in demonstrating strong MDinduced plasticity in adult animals, which was mediated by partly different mechanisms than in juvenile mice. I also found that restoring binocular vision after MD led to full recovery of eyespecific responses at all ...
Flow-metabolism coupling in human visual, motor, and
... stimulation levels for a given subject are joined by lines, and data points are consistently labeled so that somatosensory activation data from each individual can be compared against the corresponding hypercapnia activation (red). The changes seen in CBF are somewhat larger than expected, most like ...
... stimulation levels for a given subject are joined by lines, and data points are consistently labeled so that somatosensory activation data from each individual can be compared against the corresponding hypercapnia activation (red). The changes seen in CBF are somewhat larger than expected, most like ...
FREE Sample Here
... Plasticity is greatest in young children within whom the hemispheres are not yet completely lateralized. Aging eventually leads to a reduction in the number of synapses. Aging is also associated with a loss of gray matter in the cerebellum. This may be the underlying cause of balance problems ...
... Plasticity is greatest in young children within whom the hemispheres are not yet completely lateralized. Aging eventually leads to a reduction in the number of synapses. Aging is also associated with a loss of gray matter in the cerebellum. This may be the underlying cause of balance problems ...
Hippocampal CA1 atrophy and synaptic loss during
... during disease. Hippocampal pathology began early in EAE disease course, and included decreases in CA1 pyramidal layer volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial act ...
... during disease. Hippocampal pathology began early in EAE disease course, and included decreases in CA1 pyramidal layer volume, loss of inhibitory interneurons and increased cell death of neurons and glia. It is interesting to note that these effects occurred in the presence of chronic microglial act ...
Mapping synaptic pathology within cerebral cortical circuits in
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
... Primary auditory cortex offers another example of a cortical region in which convergent evidence implicates synaptic disruptions in the pathology of schizophrenia. In subjects with schizophrenia, the processing of sensory information within AI is impaired, manifest as the reduced ability to discrimi ...
New Insights on Neural Basis of Choice
... address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Note, that rats don't even have an actual vmPFC or OFC, but only what is termed cingulate cortex.” In short, sensory information of re ...
... address vmPFC and OFC as different. But be careful. It may be that they talk about humans or monkeys. There is no direct homology between these areas across species. Note, that rats don't even have an actual vmPFC or OFC, but only what is termed cingulate cortex.” In short, sensory information of re ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... 6–8 trials for each stimulus had been run, the main data collection task was rerun several times with diVerent familiar images from the standard set, and four further completely novel images. This enabled the neuronal responses after data collection to be compared to typically 8–12 familiar images, ...
... 6–8 trials for each stimulus had been run, the main data collection task was rerun several times with diVerent familiar images from the standard set, and four further completely novel images. This enabled the neuronal responses after data collection to be compared to typically 8–12 familiar images, ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... (F) Example of AAV infected IpN (asterisk) and nucleocortical projections (arrow). (G) Distribution of nucleocortical MF rosettes in a coronal cerebellar section. (H and I) eYFP expressing IpN neurons (H) and nucleocortical MF projection (I) with enlarged rosette and filopodia-like structure. Asteri ...
... (F) Example of AAV infected IpN (asterisk) and nucleocortical projections (arrow). (G) Distribution of nucleocortical MF rosettes in a coronal cerebellar section. (H and I) eYFP expressing IpN neurons (H) and nucleocortical MF projection (I) with enlarged rosette and filopodia-like structure. Asteri ...
The Roles of Dopamine - ETH E
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
... cortical target areas are often increased (Schultz, 1998). Both findings are not necessarily inconsistent since small differences in firing rates of dopamine neurons are hard to detect with single neuron recordings, and measurement methods for dopamine concentration have usually less temporal resolu ...
The representation of Kanizsa illusory contours in the monkey
... are called illusory (or subjective) contours. Illusory and real contours activate early stages of the macaque visual pathway in similar ways. However, data relating to the processing of illusory contours in higher visual areas are scarce. We recently reported how illusory contours based on abutting- ...
... are called illusory (or subjective) contours. Illusory and real contours activate early stages of the macaque visual pathway in similar ways. However, data relating to the processing of illusory contours in higher visual areas are scarce. We recently reported how illusory contours based on abutting- ...
Response Characteristics of Spinal Cord Dorsal Horn Neurons in
... WDR and the smaller proportion of LT units in the allodynic rats (Table 1). Unlike in normal rats, the distribution of different types of neurons covaried with the rostrocaudal recording level in the allodynic rats (Table 1). This was primarily because the neurons without RF were mostly found close ...
... WDR and the smaller proportion of LT units in the allodynic rats (Table 1). Unlike in normal rats, the distribution of different types of neurons covaried with the rostrocaudal recording level in the allodynic rats (Table 1). This was primarily because the neurons without RF were mostly found close ...
Enhanced Perceptual Functioning in Autism
... importance in ecological situations were both attributed to the effect of an overall superior perceptual functioning. We suggested that the operations that are superior among autistic persons can be encompassed under the term ‘‘perception’’, as understood in the 1990s cognitive neuropsychology litera ...
... importance in ecological situations were both attributed to the effect of an overall superior perceptual functioning. We suggested that the operations that are superior among autistic persons can be encompassed under the term ‘‘perception’’, as understood in the 1990s cognitive neuropsychology litera ...
Cerebellum. - Department of Physiology
... recurrent collaterals, enters the white matter and terminates in one of the cerebellar nuclei, or in the vestibular nucleus. Although PCs display some chemical heterogeneity, they all release the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The output of the cerebellar cortex, therefore, is purely inhibitory. ...
... recurrent collaterals, enters the white matter and terminates in one of the cerebellar nuclei, or in the vestibular nucleus. Although PCs display some chemical heterogeneity, they all release the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. The output of the cerebellar cortex, therefore, is purely inhibitory. ...
Control of Wake and Sleep States
... P.S. Large lesions of parabrachial (PB) nucleus which supplies brain stem glutamatergic input to BF lead to coma. Direct input to neocortex and nonspecific thalamic nuclei also arise from brain stem noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurons along with hypothalamic histaminergic and orexinergic neuron ...
... P.S. Large lesions of parabrachial (PB) nucleus which supplies brain stem glutamatergic input to BF lead to coma. Direct input to neocortex and nonspecific thalamic nuclei also arise from brain stem noradrenergic and serotoninergic neurons along with hypothalamic histaminergic and orexinergic neuron ...
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Is Important for the Manifestations ofα
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
... can lead to endoplasmic reticulum stress/unfolded protein response (ERS/UPR), chronic ERS could contribute to neurodegeneration in ␣-synucleinopathy. Using the A53T mutant human ␣S transgenic (A53T␣S Tg) mouse model of ␣-synucleinopathy, we show that disease onset in the ␣S Tg model is coincident wi ...
View Full Page PDF
... lateral areas 10 and 9 and rostrodorsal area 46, progressing to the caudal part of dorsal areas 46 and 8. Thus the dorsal and ventral parts of the LPFC are viewed as having two distinct origins of architectonic differentiation. By examining corticocortical connections within the PFC using tracer tec ...
... lateral areas 10 and 9 and rostrodorsal area 46, progressing to the caudal part of dorsal areas 46 and 8. Thus the dorsal and ventral parts of the LPFC are viewed as having two distinct origins of architectonic differentiation. By examining corticocortical connections within the PFC using tracer tec ...
Stimulus-Dependent Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in the
... of related responses could be achieved by synchronizing the respective discharges at a time scale of milliseconds, as this would selectively and jointly enhance their saliency. This hypothesis predicts that a given set of neurons should exhibit synchronized discharges more often when responding to a ...
... of related responses could be achieved by synchronizing the respective discharges at a time scale of milliseconds, as this would selectively and jointly enhance their saliency. This hypothesis predicts that a given set of neurons should exhibit synchronized discharges more often when responding to a ...