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... brain because of the presence of very thin blood vessels (capillaries). The lighter areas, called white matter, are mostly nerve fibres that connect distant brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cort ...
... brain because of the presence of very thin blood vessels (capillaries). The lighter areas, called white matter, are mostly nerve fibres that connect distant brain areas to one another. They have a fatty coating that produces the whitish appearance. White matter is found in abundance beneath the cort ...
Synaptic inhibition is caused by:
... a. axo-dendritic b. axo-axonic c. axo-somatic d. soma-axonic e. dendro-dendritic ...
... a. axo-dendritic b. axo-axonic c. axo-somatic d. soma-axonic e. dendro-dendritic ...
Transfer Effects and Conditional Learning in Rats With Selective
... The test apparatus was constructed according to the specifications of Bussey and colleagues (Bussey et al., 1994, 1997). A clear Plexiglas box (0.50 m ⫻ 0.25 m ⫻ 0.50 m) with a metal floor was fitted with a touch-sensitive computer screen on one end (Carroll Touch, Round Rock, TX). On the opposite e ...
... The test apparatus was constructed according to the specifications of Bussey and colleagues (Bussey et al., 1994, 1997). A clear Plexiglas box (0.50 m ⫻ 0.25 m ⫻ 0.50 m) with a metal floor was fitted with a touch-sensitive computer screen on one end (Carroll Touch, Round Rock, TX). On the opposite e ...
Neuron/Glia Relationships Observed Over Intervals
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
... (Purves et al., 1987), we also noted that vesicle-filled preganglionic nerve terminals appeared to be more prevalent in the vicinity of the glial nuclei than in regions removed from this site. The preganglionic nerve terminals tended to establish synaptic contacts in a complex of short finger-like e ...
Regional and laminar distribution of the vesicular glutamate
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
... (Fremeau et al., 2004a, 2001; Hur and Zaborszky, 2005; Nahmani and Erisir, 2005). In some areas, VGluT1 and VGluT2 have been found in synapses with low and high-release probability, suggesting that the two transporters reflect distinct classes of glutamatergic projections with complementary distribut ...
Inactivation of Parietal and Prefrontal Cortex Reveals
... Chafee, Matthew V. and Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic. Inactivation of parietal and prefrontal cortex reveals interdependence of neural activity during memory-guided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1550 –1566, 2000. Dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex share reciprocal projections. They a ...
... Chafee, Matthew V. and Patricia S. Goldman-Rakic. Inactivation of parietal and prefrontal cortex reveals interdependence of neural activity during memory-guided saccades. J. Neurophysiol. 83: 1550 –1566, 2000. Dorsolateral prefrontal and posterior parietal cortex share reciprocal projections. They a ...
Synaptic Targets of Medial Septal Projections in the Hippocampus
... Temporal coordination of neuronal assemblies among cortical areas is essential for behavioral performance. GABAergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band complex exclusively innervate GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus, contributing to the coordination of neuronal activity ...
... Temporal coordination of neuronal assemblies among cortical areas is essential for behavioral performance. GABAergic projections from the medial septum and diagonal band complex exclusively innervate GABAergic interneurons in the rat hippocampus, contributing to the coordination of neuronal activity ...
Pontine Gustatory Activity Is Altered by Electrical Stimulation in the
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...
... used for taste stimulus and water presentation to the anterior tongue. For 10 s before and for longer after stimulus offset, a separate outflow nozzle delivered deionized-distilled water to the same locus on the tongue. During the rinse period, the stimulus delivery line and nozzle were flushed with ...
Afferents of dopamine neurons
... Bevan, Booth, Eaton, and Bolam. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18: 9438-9452 Sadek, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
... Bevan, Booth, Eaton, and Bolam. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18: 9438-9452 Sadek, Magill and Bolam unpublished ...
Heterogeneous Integration of Bilateral Whisker Signals by Neurons
... Petersen et al. (2002) recently noted that the earliest evoked spike after an isolated punctate single-whisker stimulus contains most of the information about which the single whisker was stimulated. From this they concluded that later activity, reflecting interactions between different barrels, was ...
... Petersen et al. (2002) recently noted that the earliest evoked spike after an isolated punctate single-whisker stimulus contains most of the information about which the single whisker was stimulated. From this they concluded that later activity, reflecting interactions between different barrels, was ...
i BASAL GANGLIA PATHWAYS: BEYOND THE CLOSED
... I would like to begin by thanking Peter Strick for being an amazing advisor. I have learned a great deal under his guidance and he has helped me grow both as a scientist and as a person. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Rob Turner, Julie Fiez, Linda Rinaman and Da ...
... I would like to begin by thanking Peter Strick for being an amazing advisor. I have learned a great deal under his guidance and he has helped me grow both as a scientist and as a person. I would also like to thank the members of my dissertation committee: Rob Turner, Julie Fiez, Linda Rinaman and Da ...
Three Cases of Enduring Memory Impairment after Bilateral Damage
... WH developed severe memory impairment during March 25–30, 1986, at the age of 63. His wife reported that on the evening of March 25, 1986, he appeared tired and withdrawn. Although he seemed strained and looked ashen, he nevertheless went to work the next day. That evening he admitted to his wife th ...
... WH developed severe memory impairment during March 25–30, 1986, at the age of 63. His wife reported that on the evening of March 25, 1986, he appeared tired and withdrawn. Although he seemed strained and looked ashen, he nevertheless went to work the next day. That evening he admitted to his wife th ...
The Neuropathology of Huntington`s Disease
... defining symptom has always remained that of chorea. However, despite the singlegene etiology of HD, there is remarkable variability in the types of these motor, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms present in different HD cases both at clinical onset, during the disease, and at end stage of the diseas ...
... defining symptom has always remained that of chorea. However, despite the singlegene etiology of HD, there is remarkable variability in the types of these motor, behavioral, and cognitive symptoms present in different HD cases both at clinical onset, during the disease, and at end stage of the diseas ...
Estrogen Actions Throughout the Brain
... Although most of the animal studies cited above focused on estrogen actions on the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, it is now apparent in animal models and clinical studies that estrogens exert many actions outside of reproductive function, including actions on brain areas ...
... Although most of the animal studies cited above focused on estrogen actions on the hypothalamus affecting ovulation and reproductive behavior, it is now apparent in animal models and clinical studies that estrogens exert many actions outside of reproductive function, including actions on brain areas ...
Different representations of pleasant and unpleasant odours in the
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
... period, the odour was rated using a button box for both pleasantness and intensity, using a visual rating scale from 2 (very pleasant/very strong) to 2 (very unpleasant/very weak). fMRI data acquisition Images were acquired with a 3.0-T VARIAN/SIEMENS whole-body scanner at FMRIB, Oxford. Local brai ...
1. Materials and Methods
... sound of the action were presented together (V+S) did not differ from those obtained during the separate presentation of the two modalities (V or S, all p>0.05). Half the audiovisual mirror neurons fell in this category. Neuron 2 (Figure 2) illustrates this behaviour. For such neurons, any evidence ...
... sound of the action were presented together (V+S) did not differ from those obtained during the separate presentation of the two modalities (V or S, all p>0.05). Half the audiovisual mirror neurons fell in this category. Neuron 2 (Figure 2) illustrates this behaviour. For such neurons, any evidence ...
Basal Forebrain Cholinergic System Is Involved in Rapid Nerve
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
... adult rats. J Neurophysiol 91: 424 – 437, 2004. First published September 24, 2003; 10.1152/jn.00489.2003. We have previously reported that topical application of nerve growth factor (NGF) to the barrel cortex of an adult rat rapidly augmented a whisker functional representation (WFR) by increasing ...
Intrinsic laminar lattice connections in primate visual cortex
... 4C. The patches in layers 2 and 3 measure about 200 pn across, with a center-to-center spacing of 350-450 pn. Those in 4B have similar center-to-center spacing and are in register with the more superficial patches, although there is an intervening gap in lower 3 and 4A (Figs. 1E-G, 2A). The band of ...
... 4C. The patches in layers 2 and 3 measure about 200 pn across, with a center-to-center spacing of 350-450 pn. Those in 4B have similar center-to-center spacing and are in register with the more superficial patches, although there is an intervening gap in lower 3 and 4A (Figs. 1E-G, 2A). The band of ...
![Responses to Odors Mapped in Snail Tentacle and Brain by [14C]](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/017009313_1-932f7069dbfdd3fd3915bbe942d02b0f-300x300.png)
Responses to Odors Mapped in Snail Tentacle and Brain by [14C]
... In the present investigation, 2-DG autoradiography was used to study the olfactory system of a terrestrial snail. This animal, as do all gastropod molluscs (Croll, 1983) uses olfaction as the principal sensory modality for perception at a distance (Chase et al., 1978; Chase and Croll, 1981; Chase, 1 ...
... In the present investigation, 2-DG autoradiography was used to study the olfactory system of a terrestrial snail. This animal, as do all gastropod molluscs (Croll, 1983) uses olfaction as the principal sensory modality for perception at a distance (Chase et al., 1978; Chase and Croll, 1981; Chase, 1 ...
Spatiotemporal Profiles of Proprioception Processed by
... to stimulation applied at 7 V (9/10 animals), 5 V (7/10 animals) and 3 V (6/10 animals). In the present study, we quantitatively analyzed the excitatory propagation evoked with stimulation at 3 V and then excluded cases in which the S1 responses were faint in comparison to the temporal kinetics of e ...
... to stimulation applied at 7 V (9/10 animals), 5 V (7/10 animals) and 3 V (6/10 animals). In the present study, we quantitatively analyzed the excitatory propagation evoked with stimulation at 3 V and then excluded cases in which the S1 responses were faint in comparison to the temporal kinetics of e ...
Experimental Diabetic Neuropathy With Spontaneous
... Swiss Wistar mice (20 –30 g, n ⫽ 60; Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary) were housed two per plastic cage (8) on a 12-h light/dark cycle, with food and water available ad libitum. Mice were assigned randomly to either a diabetic or control group, and diabetes was initiated by three con ...
... Swiss Wistar mice (20 –30 g, n ⫽ 60; Department of Biosciences, University of Calgary) were housed two per plastic cage (8) on a 12-h light/dark cycle, with food and water available ad libitum. Mice were assigned randomly to either a diabetic or control group, and diabetes was initiated by three con ...
מצגת של PowerPoint
... Excitatory GABA currents are essential (necessary) for proper dendritic development ...
... Excitatory GABA currents are essential (necessary) for proper dendritic development ...
The Angelman syndrome ubiquitin ligase localizes to the synapse
... Cerebellar Purkinje cell number and dendritic branching are not affected by loss of maternal E6-AP We next evaluated cerebellar Purkinje cell number and dendritic branching in Ube3a maternal-deficient mice (AS mice) (9,17). We analyzed the integrity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in WT and AS mice by ...
... Cerebellar Purkinje cell number and dendritic branching are not affected by loss of maternal E6-AP We next evaluated cerebellar Purkinje cell number and dendritic branching in Ube3a maternal-deficient mice (AS mice) (9,17). We analyzed the integrity of cerebellar Purkinje cells in WT and AS mice by ...
Astrocyte-Neuron Interactions during Learning May Occur by Lactate
... by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) or isofagomine resulted in short-term and long-term memory impairment during different learning protocols and animal models (Gibbs et al., 2006; Newman et al., 2011; Suzuki et al., 2011). These studies showed that memory could be rescued by injection of la ...
... by 1,4-dideoxy-1,4-imino-d-arabinitol (DAB) or isofagomine resulted in short-term and long-term memory impairment during different learning protocols and animal models (Gibbs et al., 2006; Newman et al., 2011; Suzuki et al., 2011). These studies showed that memory could be rescued by injection of la ...
Predictions not commands: active inference in the motor system
... calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as (empirical) priors for the level below. In this way, the brain can recapitulate the hierarchical causal structure of the environment: for example, the meaning of a phrase ...
... calls for empirical Bayes. Empirical Bayes uses a hierarchical generative model, in which estimates of causes at one level act as (empirical) priors for the level below. In this way, the brain can recapitulate the hierarchical causal structure of the environment: for example, the meaning of a phrase ...