Rhythmic Spontaneous Activity in the Piriform Cortex
... background noise levels. No significant differences were observed in the duration or frequency of the oscillations measured with any of the methods. All the data and figures presented here correspond to a threshold located at 23 SD of the noise. The propagation, synchrony, and duration of the oscillat ...
... background noise levels. No significant differences were observed in the duration or frequency of the oscillations measured with any of the methods. All the data and figures presented here correspond to a threshold located at 23 SD of the noise. The propagation, synchrony, and duration of the oscillat ...
Traveling Theta Waves along the Entire
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
... intermediate hippocampus were similar at all recording sites, with the phase of theta gradually shifting from the dorsal (septal) to intermediate sites of the CA1 layer (Figures 2E, 3F, and S3). Theta waves were phase shifted by approximately a half cycle, i.e., 180 between the septal and ventral ( ...
PDF
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
... shown in the lower panel. In the spinal cord (SC), one branch of the afferents enters the ascending dorsal column pathway to terminate in the ipsilateral cuneate nucleus (violet line). The other branch terminates in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Second-order neurons activated in the dorsal hor ...
Stimulation Within the Rostral Ventrolateral Medulla Can Evoke
... were located at depths of 47–329 mm below the lateral surface of the spinal cord. These were identified as SPNs on the basis of their antidromic activation after stimulation of the ipsilateral segmental ventral root and their morphology and location in the spinal cord. Antidromically evoked action p ...
... were located at depths of 47–329 mm below the lateral surface of the spinal cord. These were identified as SPNs on the basis of their antidromic activation after stimulation of the ipsilateral segmental ventral root and their morphology and location in the spinal cord. Antidromically evoked action p ...
Neuronal Correlates of Sensorimotor Association in Stimulus
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
... readiness potential (i.e., a change in the evoked brain potential that develops over the motor cortex contralateral to the overt response), it was found that in trials in which the stimulus was flanked by incompatible noise, both responses were initially activated, with the incompatible response eve ...
Diversity of laminar connections linking periarcuate and
... patterns of connections were highly correlated with consistent differences in neuronal density between linked areas. When neuronal density in a prefrontal origin was lower than in the intraparietal destination, most terminations were found in layer I with a concomitant decrease in layer IV. The oppo ...
... patterns of connections were highly correlated with consistent differences in neuronal density between linked areas. When neuronal density in a prefrontal origin was lower than in the intraparietal destination, most terminations were found in layer I with a concomitant decrease in layer IV. The oppo ...
Stimulation of Medial Prefrontal Cortex Decreases
... Maren, 2001; Walker and Davis, 2002), in which rats learn to freeze to a tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] that predicts a footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Cortical and thalamic afferents communicate tone and shock information to the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), in which tone–sh ...
... Maren, 2001; Walker and Davis, 2002), in which rats learn to freeze to a tone [conditioned stimulus (CS)] that predicts a footshock [unconditioned stimulus (US)]. Cortical and thalamic afferents communicate tone and shock information to the basolateral complex of the amygdala (BLA), in which tone–sh ...
Neuronal Correlates for Preparatory Set Associated with Pro
... animals that we used for single neuron recordings in the SC in the same paradigm (Everling et al., 1999). Single neurons were recorded in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus. The F EF region was first identified by low-threshold microstimulation (,50 mA at 100 msec, 300 Hz, 0.3 msec biphasic puls ...
... animals that we used for single neuron recordings in the SC in the same paradigm (Everling et al., 1999). Single neurons were recorded in the rostral bank of the arcuate sulcus. The F EF region was first identified by low-threshold microstimulation (,50 mA at 100 msec, 300 Hz, 0.3 msec biphasic puls ...
Axonal morphometry of hippocampal pyramidal neurons semi
... sheets of paper are fed to the machine at a time. To minimize deformation due to lamp warm-up, a batch of 30 scans are rescanned if the scanner was not in use for more than 2 h. The resulting digital picture is manually renamed with the sheet alphanumerical designation within that particular slice ( ...
... sheets of paper are fed to the machine at a time. To minimize deformation due to lamp warm-up, a batch of 30 scans are rescanned if the scanner was not in use for more than 2 h. The resulting digital picture is manually renamed with the sheet alphanumerical designation within that particular slice ( ...
The functional anatomy of basal ganglia disorders
... neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr I° (Fig. 1). The striatum also contains a small number of interneurons. Striatal interneurons can b ...
... neurons 8'9. Studies in rats suggested that striatal projection neurons give rise to extensive collateral projections with axons from a single neuron going to both segments of the pallidum and the SNr I° (Fig. 1). The striatum also contains a small number of interneurons. Striatal interneurons can b ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... (Missal and Keller 2001). Perhaps most surprising are the recent findings suggesting that OPNs play a role in pursuit. About half of the OPNs show significant decreases in activity during the onset of pursuit as well as pauses for saccades; they do not completely stop firing as for saccades but red ...
... (Missal and Keller 2001). Perhaps most surprising are the recent findings suggesting that OPNs play a role in pursuit. About half of the OPNs show significant decreases in activity during the onset of pursuit as well as pauses for saccades; they do not completely stop firing as for saccades but red ...
Descending Systems Translate Transient Cortical Commands into a
... time histogram (PETH) around torque onset and torque offset as defined above. In both cases, the aligning event was the beginning of torque production, which was defined offline based on the derivative of the torque signal (Yanai et al. 2007). The PETH was obtained by counting spikes in 20-ms bins. We ...
... time histogram (PETH) around torque onset and torque offset as defined above. In both cases, the aligning event was the beginning of torque production, which was defined offline based on the derivative of the torque signal (Yanai et al. 2007). The PETH was obtained by counting spikes in 20-ms bins. We ...
Distribution of GABAergic neurons and axon terminals in the
... dilution of 1:1,000 and processed in the same way as the sections incubated in the anti-GAD serum. Control sections showed no labeling of cell bodies or terminals. The antiserum produced by Lauder et al. ('86) was used for the demonstration of GABA immunoreactivity. This antiserum was raised in rats ...
... dilution of 1:1,000 and processed in the same way as the sections incubated in the anti-GAD serum. Control sections showed no labeling of cell bodies or terminals. The antiserum produced by Lauder et al. ('86) was used for the demonstration of GABA immunoreactivity. This antiserum was raised in rats ...
Relationship of Prefrontal Connections to Inhibitory Systems in Superior Temporal
... extent from layers V--VI, in proportions matching the laminar density of inhibitory interneurons. In marked contrast, prefrontal connections in temporal polar cortex were found mostly in the deep layers, showing mismatch with the predominant upper laminar distribution of interneurons. Differences in ...
... extent from layers V--VI, in proportions matching the laminar density of inhibitory interneurons. In marked contrast, prefrontal connections in temporal polar cortex were found mostly in the deep layers, showing mismatch with the predominant upper laminar distribution of interneurons. Differences in ...
Thalamic POm projections to the dorsolateral striatum of rats
... histograms (PSTHs), and statistical criteria were applied to determine the onset and magnitude of the stimulus-induced responses. Based on the mean rate of spontaneous activity, 99% confidence limits were constructed and displayed on the PSTH of each neuron. Responses to mechanical stimulation were ...
... histograms (PSTHs), and statistical criteria were applied to determine the onset and magnitude of the stimulus-induced responses. Based on the mean rate of spontaneous activity, 99% confidence limits were constructed and displayed on the PSTH of each neuron. Responses to mechanical stimulation were ...
Medial Prefrontal Cortices Are Unified by Common Connections With Superior
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
... Medial prefrontal cortices in primates have been associated with emotion, memory, and complex cognitive processes. Here we investigated whether the pattern of cortical connections could indicate whether the medial prefrontal cortex constitutes a homogeneous region, or if it can be parceled into dist ...
Mouse Nerve Growth Factor Prevents Degeneration of Axotomized
... controls and in both groups of experimental animals. Thus, mouse NGF profoundly influences the process of axotomyinduced retrograde degeneration in cholinergic BFMC neurons in primates. The in vivo effectiveness of mouse NGF on primate BFMC neurons suggests that mouse or human recombinant NGF may be ...
... controls and in both groups of experimental animals. Thus, mouse NGF profoundly influences the process of axotomyinduced retrograde degeneration in cholinergic BFMC neurons in primates. The in vivo effectiveness of mouse NGF on primate BFMC neurons suggests that mouse or human recombinant NGF may be ...
The power of the mind: the cortex as a critical determinant of muscle
... joint was aligned to the rotational axis of a torque motor to which a constant-length lever arm was attached. The signal was scaled to maximize its resolution (208.7 mV/Nm; Biodex Researchers Tool Kit Software), smoothed over a 10-point running average, and sampled at 625 Hz (MP150 Biopac Systems). ...
... joint was aligned to the rotational axis of a torque motor to which a constant-length lever arm was attached. The signal was scaled to maximize its resolution (208.7 mV/Nm; Biodex Researchers Tool Kit Software), smoothed over a 10-point running average, and sampled at 625 Hz (MP150 Biopac Systems). ...
PathoLOGIC Hgh Deficiency and Somatopause
... • Increased the frequency of sexual thoughts (P=0.006), sexual interest (P=0.002), and satisfaction with both mental and physical aspects of sexuality (P=0.009 and P=0.02, ...
... • Increased the frequency of sexual thoughts (P=0.006), sexual interest (P=0.002), and satisfaction with both mental and physical aspects of sexuality (P=0.009 and P=0.02, ...
Is the Lateral Septum's Inhibitory Influence on the Amygdala Mediated... GABA-ergic Neurons? Mason Austin
... amygdala damage was able to verbally articulate the pattern in which the horn was paired with the slide, he did not demonstrate any elevation in skin conductance as a result of this pairing. In other words, although he had conscious knowledge of the stimulus that ought to have elicited an autonomic ...
... amygdala damage was able to verbally articulate the pattern in which the horn was paired with the slide, he did not demonstrate any elevation in skin conductance as a result of this pairing. In other words, although he had conscious knowledge of the stimulus that ought to have elicited an autonomic ...
full text - TReAD Lab
... external pallidal segment (globus pallidus in rodents) and entopeduncular nucleus [2, 21– 23]. In primates (but not rodents), the dendritic field of an individual STN neuron occupies only a small portion of the nucleus, which may help compartmentalize the topographic inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Des ...
... external pallidal segment (globus pallidus in rodents) and entopeduncular nucleus [2, 21– 23]. In primates (but not rodents), the dendritic field of an individual STN neuron occupies only a small portion of the nucleus, which may help compartmentalize the topographic inputs and outputs [24, 25]. Des ...
PARK9-Associated ATP13A2 Localizes to Intracellular
... rodent ATP13A2 but not with a non-silencing control shRNA (Fig. 4A). We also demonstrate the using an ATP13A2-specific shRNA construct (Fig. 4B). To explore the consequences of shRNAmediated silencing of endogenous ATP13A2 expression in neurons, we employed rat primary midbrain cultures which typica ...
... rodent ATP13A2 but not with a non-silencing control shRNA (Fig. 4A). We also demonstrate the using an ATP13A2-specific shRNA construct (Fig. 4B). To explore the consequences of shRNAmediated silencing of endogenous ATP13A2 expression in neurons, we employed rat primary midbrain cultures which typica ...
Critical Time Window of Neuronal Cholesterol Synthesis during
... visualizing SQS on brain sections, we found moderate SQS expression in many cortical neurons in control animals (Fig. 1g), implying ongoing cholesterol biosynthesis. In contrast, mutant neurons completely lacked SQS staining. Astrocytes (identified based on their characteristic morphology), however, ...
... visualizing SQS on brain sections, we found moderate SQS expression in many cortical neurons in control animals (Fig. 1g), implying ongoing cholesterol biosynthesis. In contrast, mutant neurons completely lacked SQS staining. Astrocytes (identified based on their characteristic morphology), however, ...
Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
... • Plasticity – The human brain has a capacity to change its organization and function in response to experience throughout the life span, which is known as plasticity. – The brain contains an overabundance of neurons and synapses, allowing it to receive as much sensory and motor stimulation as possi ...
... • Plasticity – The human brain has a capacity to change its organization and function in response to experience throughout the life span, which is known as plasticity. – The brain contains an overabundance of neurons and synapses, allowing it to receive as much sensory and motor stimulation as possi ...
Attractor concretion as a mechanism for the formation of context
... number of trials, the CS-reinforcement contingencies were reversed and monkeys had to learn the new contingencies. In the experiments, the CS–US associations were reversed only once. However, in principle, the two contexts defined by the sets of CS–US associations could be alternated multiple times. ...
... number of trials, the CS-reinforcement contingencies were reversed and monkeys had to learn the new contingencies. In the experiments, the CS–US associations were reversed only once. However, in principle, the two contexts defined by the sets of CS–US associations could be alternated multiple times. ...