The neuronal structure of the substantia nigra in the guinea pig
... causing the dendritic field to have a form of a threepointed star. An axon emerging directly from the soma or from the proximal portion of the primary dendrite takes a dorsal or ventral course. The triangular cells have a centrally-located, large, spherical nucleus and the coarse granules of the tig ...
... causing the dendritic field to have a form of a threepointed star. An axon emerging directly from the soma or from the proximal portion of the primary dendrite takes a dorsal or ventral course. The triangular cells have a centrally-located, large, spherical nucleus and the coarse granules of the tig ...
The time course of selective visual attention: theory and experiments
... latency of a parallel process? In other words, are priority maps and spotlight mechanisms required? A second interesting question is to determine the characteristics of top-down aided competition in feature space. It should be clarified whether this competition is achieved independently in each featu ...
... latency of a parallel process? In other words, are priority maps and spotlight mechanisms required? A second interesting question is to determine the characteristics of top-down aided competition in feature space. It should be clarified whether this competition is achieved independently in each featu ...
Ultrastructural Characterization of Gerbil Olivocochlear Neurons
... neurons labeled by retrograde transport of tritiated D-ASP from the cochlea (Ryan et al., 1987). It is still unresolved whether the small neurons compose the entire population of “intraLSO” OC neurons, as suggested by Ryan et al. (1987) or whether class 5 neurons also contribute to this population. ...
... neurons labeled by retrograde transport of tritiated D-ASP from the cochlea (Ryan et al., 1987). It is still unresolved whether the small neurons compose the entire population of “intraLSO” OC neurons, as suggested by Ryan et al. (1987) or whether class 5 neurons also contribute to this population. ...
Reinforcement Learning and the Basal Ganglia
... general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal proje ...
... general organization of the basal ganglia is that of a feed-forward network (Bergman et al., 1998). The input stage of the basal ganglia is the striatum, which is innervated by excitatory (glutmatergic) pyramidal neurons from all areas of the neocortex, via a massive converging corticostriatal proje ...
Predictive Coding as a Model of Biased Competition in Visual
... WSi+1 ySi+1 is the top-down prediction from the next highest stage, WSi = [w1Si , . . . , wnSi ]T is an n by m matrix of synaptic weight values, each row of which contains the feedforward weights received by a single node, and ζ, η, and ϑ are constant scale factors. Note that in certain simulations ...
... WSi+1 ySi+1 is the top-down prediction from the next highest stage, WSi = [w1Si , . . . , wnSi ]T is an n by m matrix of synaptic weight values, each row of which contains the feedforward weights received by a single node, and ζ, η, and ϑ are constant scale factors. Note that in certain simulations ...
Gao JCN 2000 - Georgia State University
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
... (V1 and AI) as observed in this study followed the welldescribed inside-out (Rakic, 1974; McConnell, 1985) and rostrocaudal (Luskin and Shatz, 1985a) gradients of cerebral cortical development. In addition, there was some limited evidence for a rostrocaudal gradient, in that AI matured slightly earl ...
Response Suppression in V1 Agrees with Psychophysics of
... equated all of the stimulus conditions in terms of performance accuracy as a proxy for controlling attention. Data analysis. Data from the first cycle of block alternation was discarded to allow the hemodynamic response to reach steady state and to allow subjects to practice the task. The fMRI time ...
... equated all of the stimulus conditions in terms of performance accuracy as a proxy for controlling attention. Data analysis. Data from the first cycle of block alternation was discarded to allow the hemodynamic response to reach steady state and to allow subjects to practice the task. The fMRI time ...
A Physiologically Plausible Model of Action Selection
... (D2-dominant striatum), ⍀T (STN), ⍀G (GP), and ⍀O (SNr). The notation i 僆 ⍀O thus means a neuron i in the SNr population, and membership is similarly defined for the other populations. The channels were assumed to form adjacent neural subpopulations within each of these larger populations. The compa ...
... (D2-dominant striatum), ⍀T (STN), ⍀G (GP), and ⍀O (SNr). The notation i 僆 ⍀O thus means a neuron i in the SNr population, and membership is similarly defined for the other populations. The channels were assumed to form adjacent neural subpopulations within each of these larger populations. The compa ...
Epistasis, polygenic effects, and the missing heritability problem : a
... heritability is a result of failure to take into account epistatic interactions among causative genetic loci. Some authors have argued, for example, that we may have already identified the majority of the genetic loci necessary to account for this missing heritability, but our failure to accurately ...
... heritability is a result of failure to take into account epistatic interactions among causative genetic loci. Some authors have argued, for example, that we may have already identified the majority of the genetic loci necessary to account for this missing heritability, but our failure to accurately ...
Information processing in the cortex: The relevance of coherent oscillations for neuronal communication
... for excitatory neurons and I for inhibitory ones). Several different (and sometimes reduced) cases of this type of network have been studied. Eeckman & Freeman (1990) developed a model for induced rhythms in olfactory structures, in which synchronous oscillation was generated by a feedback loop betw ...
... for excitatory neurons and I for inhibitory ones). Several different (and sometimes reduced) cases of this type of network have been studied. Eeckman & Freeman (1990) developed a model for induced rhythms in olfactory structures, in which synchronous oscillation was generated by a feedback loop betw ...
Temperature Integration at the AC Thermosensory Neurons
... bath on the opposite side from the entrance of the perfusion solution. Therefore, the bath temperaHere, we propose that novel warm temperature integration ture was used as an index for the calcium imaging experiments. occurs in the AC neurons. This initial identification of temperaOptical images of ...
... bath on the opposite side from the entrance of the perfusion solution. Therefore, the bath temperaHere, we propose that novel warm temperature integration ture was used as an index for the calcium imaging experiments. occurs in the AC neurons. This initial identification of temperaOptical images of ...
Reticular activating system of a central pattern generator
... activity. The main reason for this asymmetry was the high variation in the flexor tonic phase duration, ranging from 1 to 7 sec. Before the recordings, we carefully placed the multielectrode array in the same position in all the experiments taking into account the obex as an anatomical reference. We ...
... activity. The main reason for this asymmetry was the high variation in the flexor tonic phase duration, ranging from 1 to 7 sec. Before the recordings, we carefully placed the multielectrode array in the same position in all the experiments taking into account the obex as an anatomical reference. We ...
Non-reward neural mechanisms in the orbitofrontal cortex
... of these non-reward neurons continue firing for several seconds when an expected reward is not obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These neurons do not respond when an expected punishment is received, for example the taste of salt from a correctly labelled dispenser. Different non-reward neurons may ...
... of these non-reward neurons continue firing for several seconds when an expected reward is not obtained, as illustrated in Fig. 1. These neurons do not respond when an expected punishment is received, for example the taste of salt from a correctly labelled dispenser. Different non-reward neurons may ...
Volitional enhancement of firing synchrony and oscillation by
... activities are directly rewarded without behaviors. We discuss the potential of this approach to elucidate neuronal plasticity for enhancing specific brain functions and its interaction with the progress in neurorehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. The key to-be-conditioned activities that t ...
... activities are directly rewarded without behaviors. We discuss the potential of this approach to elucidate neuronal plasticity for enhancing specific brain functions and its interaction with the progress in neurorehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. The key to-be-conditioned activities that t ...
Within-hemifield perceptual averaging of facial expressions
... those that respond to faces, have large receptive fields often encompassing substantial regions of the contralateral visual field (e.g., Boussaoud et al., 1991; Chelazzi et al., 1998; Desimone & Gross, 1979; Niemeier et al., 2005; Op De Beeck & Vogels, 2000). Thus, when a pair of faces is presented ...
... those that respond to faces, have large receptive fields often encompassing substantial regions of the contralateral visual field (e.g., Boussaoud et al., 1991; Chelazzi et al., 1998; Desimone & Gross, 1979; Niemeier et al., 2005; Op De Beeck & Vogels, 2000). Thus, when a pair of faces is presented ...
A Dendritic Disinhibitory Circuit Mechanism for Pathway
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
... different regions (e.g. basal or apical tuft) of dendritic trees of pyramidal neurons20 . We hypoth- ...
Inductive Intrusion Detection in Flow-Based
... Computer networks steadily advance in terms of performance and throughput. Backbone nodes often have to deal with hundreds of gigabits second after second. These advancements put heavy load on signature-based network intrusion detection systems whose purpose is to spot attacks in network traffic. Th ...
... Computer networks steadily advance in terms of performance and throughput. Backbone nodes often have to deal with hundreds of gigabits second after second. These advancements put heavy load on signature-based network intrusion detection systems whose purpose is to spot attacks in network traffic. Th ...
Microinfusion of bupropion inhibits putative GABAergic ventral
... analysis was used for detection of firing pattern changing. Almost all recordings were multiunit and the PSTH and ISIH were calculated by IGOR pro 6.0 (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) software. Briefly, the PCA (Principle Component Analysis) protocol for signal processing was used. The duration, ampli ...
... analysis was used for detection of firing pattern changing. Almost all recordings were multiunit and the PSTH and ISIH were calculated by IGOR pro 6.0 (WaveMetrics, Lake Oswego, OR) software. Briefly, the PCA (Principle Component Analysis) protocol for signal processing was used. The duration, ampli ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
Article - Perelman School of Medicine at the University of
... strongly suggests that the reduced number of Ctgf-positive neurons reflects an abnormal differentiation of SP neurons rather than an absolute decrease in the size of this cell population. We observed a similar distribution of SP neurons using another SP/layer V marker, Crim1 (Figures S1K–S1N) and Nu ...
... strongly suggests that the reduced number of Ctgf-positive neurons reflects an abnormal differentiation of SP neurons rather than an absolute decrease in the size of this cell population. We observed a similar distribution of SP neurons using another SP/layer V marker, Crim1 (Figures S1K–S1N) and Nu ...
Preserving information in neural transmission - CNL
... into training and test datasets (75% for the training dataset and 25% for the test dataset). All relevant dimensions (STAs, dSTAs, rdSTAs, and MIDs) were computed using only unrepeated parts of the dataset. These data were then further separated into a “training” and “test” subsets to minimize overf ...
... into training and test datasets (75% for the training dataset and 25% for the test dataset). All relevant dimensions (STAs, dSTAs, rdSTAs, and MIDs) were computed using only unrepeated parts of the dataset. These data were then further separated into a “training” and “test” subsets to minimize overf ...
J Comp Neurol 2000 Lavenex - University of California, Berkeley
... but their reliance on spatial memory to locate receptive females has yet to be demonstrated. Caching activity and gray squirrels’ dependence on food caches also varies seasonally (Gurnell, 1987; Koprowski, 1994; Thompson and Thompson, 1980; Vander Wall, 1990). Gray squirrels scatter-hoard their wint ...
... but their reliance on spatial memory to locate receptive females has yet to be demonstrated. Caching activity and gray squirrels’ dependence on food caches also varies seasonally (Gurnell, 1987; Koprowski, 1994; Thompson and Thompson, 1980; Vander Wall, 1990). Gray squirrels scatter-hoard their wint ...
High baseline activity in inferior temporal cortex
... et al., 2011). Function of “timefreq” was used with parameters “cycles” and “freqs” set to [1, 5] and [3, 30], respectively. These parameters produce frequencies that increase linearly from 3 to 30 Hz, while the length of the filter increases linearly from 1 to 5 cycles. A 5-ms Gaussian smoothing wo ...
... et al., 2011). Function of “timefreq” was used with parameters “cycles” and “freqs” set to [1, 5] and [3, 30], respectively. These parameters produce frequencies that increase linearly from 3 to 30 Hz, while the length of the filter increases linearly from 1 to 5 cycles. A 5-ms Gaussian smoothing wo ...
Orientation topography of layer 4 lateral networks revealed by
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
... focused exclusively on layer 2/3. Because different cortical layers are composed of different neuron types, the question arises whether the layer 2/3 ®ndings could also be applied to deeper laminae. In the present study, we focused our interest on layer 4 connections. Electrophysiological studies sh ...
Chapter 9b final
... Melatonin at appropriate time (just before going to bed) reduces the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work Also improved sleep of blind people • light cannot serve as a zeiteber ...
... Melatonin at appropriate time (just before going to bed) reduces the adverse effects of jet lag and shift work Also improved sleep of blind people • light cannot serve as a zeiteber ...