Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... developing neocortex can be taken from the development of area-specific outputs. In the adult neocortex, the unique outputs of specific areas are reflected in part by the limited distributions of types of cortical projection neurons, including those that send axons to subcortical targets such as the ...
... developing neocortex can be taken from the development of area-specific outputs. In the adult neocortex, the unique outputs of specific areas are reflected in part by the limited distributions of types of cortical projection neurons, including those that send axons to subcortical targets such as the ...
Millisecond-Timescale Optical Control of Neural Dynamics in the
... recording. (Ai) Schematic. (Aii) Photograph, showing optical fiber (200 mm diameter) and electrode (200 mm shank diameter) in guide tubes. (B and C) Increases in spiking activity in one neuron during blue light illumination (five pulses, 20 ms duration each [B], and 1 pulse, 200 ms duration [C]). In ...
... recording. (Ai) Schematic. (Aii) Photograph, showing optical fiber (200 mm diameter) and electrode (200 mm shank diameter) in guide tubes. (B and C) Increases in spiking activity in one neuron during blue light illumination (five pulses, 20 ms duration each [B], and 1 pulse, 200 ms duration [C]). In ...
GABA transporters in the mammalian cerebral cortex - LIRA-Lab
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
... The extracellular levels of g-aminobutyric acid (GABA), the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian cerebral cortex, are regulated by specific high-affinity, Na+/Cl dependent transporters. Four distinct genes encoding GABA transporters (GATs), named GAT-1, GAT-2, GAT-3, and BGT-1 have bee ...
mGluR-dependent persistent firing in entorhinal cortex layer III neurons SYNAPTIC MECHANISMS Motoharu Yoshida,
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
... Persistent firing is believed to be a crucial mechanism for memory function including working memory. Recent in vivo and in vitro findings suggest an involvement of metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) in persistent firing. Using whole-cell patch-recording techniques in a rat entorhinal cortex ...
Functional characterization of the synaptic
... comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory ...
... comprise diseases that develop early in brain or as a consequence of head trauma, a tumor or an infection in the adult brain and span throughout life. Although the underlying etiology of the various disorders might be different, all of them lead to similar brain dysfunctions (defects of the sensory ...
Inhibitory interneurons in the piriform cortex
... containing interneurons range from <15% in aPC of opossum17 to >30% in pPC of rat.18,22 A common type of interneuron in Layer II is the large multipolar cell (M, Figure 1B).1 This has long sparsely-spiny dendrites and axons that branch into widespread arbors. Many of these cells have profuse axonal ...
... containing interneurons range from <15% in aPC of opossum17 to >30% in pPC of rat.18,22 A common type of interneuron in Layer II is the large multipolar cell (M, Figure 1B).1 This has long sparsely-spiny dendrites and axons that branch into widespread arbors. Many of these cells have profuse axonal ...
RH Ettinger - Test Bank 1
... d. astrocytes Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 20. Myelin is made up of ________ in the peripheral nervous system. a. fat cells b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 21. Gaps in myelin surrounding an axon are referred to as a. receptors. b. demyelination. c. n ...
... d. astrocytes Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 20. Myelin is made up of ________ in the peripheral nervous system. a. fat cells b. Schwann cells c. oligodendrocytes d. astrocytes Answer: B Diff: 3 Page Ref: 9 21. Gaps in myelin surrounding an axon are referred to as a. receptors. b. demyelination. c. n ...
Self-referential forces are sufficient to explain different dendritic
... v12 + v22 < 1, where U(a, b) is the uniform distribution over the interval [a, b]. This process introduces stochasticity into our generative model of neuron morphology (Figure 2A). For certain morphologies (e.g., alpha motor neurons vs. Purkinje cells), the randomness of growth direction was increas ...
... v12 + v22 < 1, where U(a, b) is the uniform distribution over the interval [a, b]. This process introduces stochasticity into our generative model of neuron morphology (Figure 2A). For certain morphologies (e.g., alpha motor neurons vs. Purkinje cells), the randomness of growth direction was increas ...
A Computer Simulation of Olfactory Cortex with Functional
... the fiber systems are modifiable in an activity-dependent fashion (Fig. 2). The basic modification rule in each case is Hebb-like; i.e. change in synaptic strength is proportional to presynaptic activity multiplied by the offset of the postsynaptic membrane potential from a baseline potential. This ...
... the fiber systems are modifiable in an activity-dependent fashion (Fig. 2). The basic modification rule in each case is Hebb-like; i.e. change in synaptic strength is proportional to presynaptic activity multiplied by the offset of the postsynaptic membrane potential from a baseline potential. This ...
View/Open
... control signals from two major sources: (1) corticofugal fibers returning in a backward direction from the primary visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and (2) reticular areas of the mesencephalon. Both of these are inhibitory and, when stimulated, can turn off transmission through selec ...
... control signals from two major sources: (1) corticofugal fibers returning in a backward direction from the primary visual cortex to the lateral geniculate nucleus, and (2) reticular areas of the mesencephalon. Both of these are inhibitory and, when stimulated, can turn off transmission through selec ...
Extracellular Matrix Molecules and Cell Adhesion Molecules Induce
... on both of these CAMs is inhibited, however. Additionally, phorbol esters, which have no effect on neurite growth when optimal laminin concentrations are used, potentiate growth even on optimal concentrations of L1 or N-cadherin. The results indicate that different intracellular mechanisms operate d ...
... on both of these CAMs is inhibited, however. Additionally, phorbol esters, which have no effect on neurite growth when optimal laminin concentrations are used, potentiate growth even on optimal concentrations of L1 or N-cadherin. The results indicate that different intracellular mechanisms operate d ...
Resonate-and-fire neurons
... resonate-and-®re models. Whenever they cross the threshold y 1, the neurons are said to ®re a spike. After the spike, the variables are reset to certain values. Both variables decay exponentially to the rest state y 2 a/b and z 0, respectively, but the latter exhibits dampened oscillation. In ...
... resonate-and-®re models. Whenever they cross the threshold y 1, the neurons are said to ®re a spike. After the spike, the variables are reset to certain values. Both variables decay exponentially to the rest state y 2 a/b and z 0, respectively, but the latter exhibits dampened oscillation. In ...
in cellular neuroscience
... the glia of the worm to those of animals possessing more complex nervous systems. For these comparisons to be accurate, it is important to keep in mind that the nervous system of the worm likely contains fewer cells and connections that are optimal for its ecological niche, and not because it did no ...
... the glia of the worm to those of animals possessing more complex nervous systems. For these comparisons to be accurate, it is important to keep in mind that the nervous system of the worm likely contains fewer cells and connections that are optimal for its ecological niche, and not because it did no ...
Neuronal Activity and Ion Homeostasis in the Hypoxic Brain
... swelling in ischemic cerebral tissue of rat, but using parameters for human grey matter, they find that sodium inflow persists through NMDA channels and cell swelling ...
... swelling in ischemic cerebral tissue of rat, but using parameters for human grey matter, they find that sodium inflow persists through NMDA channels and cell swelling ...
Mitochondrial support of persistent presynaptic vesicle mobilization
... potentiation reached asymptote, in parallel with the apparently silent addition of new dendritic spines at P15 or the silent enlargement of synapses in adults. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.15275.001 ...
... potentiation reached asymptote, in parallel with the apparently silent addition of new dendritic spines at P15 or the silent enlargement of synapses in adults. DOI: 10.7554/eLife.15275.001 ...
Activity-Dependent Regulation of Potassium Currents in an
... neurons, so ion channels must continually be replaced. Control of this process requires that the number, open conductance, and distribution of ion channels be regulated by feedback mechanisms related to the firing properties of the neuron (LeMasson et al., 1993; Liu et al., 1998; Stemmler and Koch, ...
... neurons, so ion channels must continually be replaced. Control of this process requires that the number, open conductance, and distribution of ion channels be regulated by feedback mechanisms related to the firing properties of the neuron (LeMasson et al., 1993; Liu et al., 1998; Stemmler and Koch, ...
A Quantitative Map of the Circuit of Cat Primary Visual Cortex
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
... Let Sju be the number of synapses in cortical layer u (of cat area 17) formed by the presynaptic neurons of type j and Nu the number of neurons in layer u. In its simplest form, Peters’s rule states that the Sju synapses distribute evenly over the Nu potential target neurons (i.e., each neuron in la ...
Structural Repair and Functional Recovery Following Cerebral
... (Ridgway, 1987). The growth hormone has yet to be fully characterized, but immunohistochemical and chromatographical evidence suggest that it may be related to the vertebrate neuropeptide somatostatin (Schot et al., 1981; Grimm-Jorgenson, 1983a, b; Ridgway and Moffett, 1987). Moreover, recent experi ...
... (Ridgway, 1987). The growth hormone has yet to be fully characterized, but immunohistochemical and chromatographical evidence suggest that it may be related to the vertebrate neuropeptide somatostatin (Schot et al., 1981; Grimm-Jorgenson, 1983a, b; Ridgway and Moffett, 1987). Moreover, recent experi ...
Modulation of Cortical Activation and Behavioral Arousal by
... activity, the noradrenergic LC neurons were accordingly once thought to represent an ideal substrate for an arousal system that would control the waking state. Yet, massive destruction of the noradrenergic neurons of the LC in the cat41 or more recently rat42 did not result in a comatose state, as l ...
... activity, the noradrenergic LC neurons were accordingly once thought to represent an ideal substrate for an arousal system that would control the waking state. Yet, massive destruction of the noradrenergic neurons of the LC in the cat41 or more recently rat42 did not result in a comatose state, as l ...
PDF - Department of Molecular Biology
... curvature. While these studies clearly demonstrate Endophilin’s membrane-bending ability, whether this activity is required for its endocytic function has not been tested. Although all BAR domains share these in vitro membrane bending activities, each BAR protein regulates distinct steps in membrane ...
... curvature. While these studies clearly demonstrate Endophilin’s membrane-bending ability, whether this activity is required for its endocytic function has not been tested. Although all BAR domains share these in vitro membrane bending activities, each BAR protein regulates distinct steps in membrane ...
The Structure and Plasticity of the Proximal Axon of Hippocampal
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
... Dendrites are one of two types of neuronal processes which emerge from the soma. Dendrites receive chemical signals from other neurons through neurotransmitter receptors. In response to afferent information, they integrate the synaptic inputs and generate electrical signals. As far as morphology is ...
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... 25. Tania sees a dark shadow outside her window and feels frightened. What brain structure contributes most to her feeling of fear? a. basal ganglia c. limbic system b. pons d. hypothalamus ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: Control of Behavior and Physiological Functions 26. The nucleus accumbe ...
... 25. Tania sees a dark shadow outside her window and feels frightened. What brain structure contributes most to her feeling of fear? a. basal ganglia c. limbic system b. pons d. hypothalamus ANS: C PTS: 1 REF: The Nervous System: Control of Behavior and Physiological Functions 26. The nucleus accumbe ...
Chapter 8 The Nervous System
... Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord Axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves, extend to sympathetic or collateral ganglia, and synapse with several postgan ...
... Dendrites and cell bodies of sympathetic preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of the thoracic and upper lumbar segments of the spinal cord Axons leave the spinal cord in the anterior roots of spinal nerves, extend to sympathetic or collateral ganglia, and synapse with several postgan ...
Lecture 6 - Wiki Index
... When a spike travels along an axon and arrives at a synapse it causes vesicles of transmitter chemical to be released • There are several kinds of transmitter ...
... When a spike travels along an axon and arrives at a synapse it causes vesicles of transmitter chemical to be released • There are several kinds of transmitter ...
Sir Charles Scott Sherrington English Neurophysiologist 1857
... instrumental in researching the role and function of reflexes. If fact, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for “discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.” Born in London in 1857, Sherrington’s academic training progressed from the Ipswich School to medicine at Lon ...
... instrumental in researching the role and function of reflexes. If fact, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1932 for “discoveries regarding the functions of neurons.” Born in London in 1857, Sherrington’s academic training progressed from the Ipswich School to medicine at Lon ...