Controlling the Elements: An Optogenetic Approach to
... (1–7,11–13). Despite this progress, much remains to be understood about the fundamental principles by which fear conditioning is implemented at the level of defined neural circuits. In addition, information processing by neurons in these brain regions and particularly how circuit mechanisms give ris ...
... (1–7,11–13). Despite this progress, much remains to be understood about the fundamental principles by which fear conditioning is implemented at the level of defined neural circuits. In addition, information processing by neurons in these brain regions and particularly how circuit mechanisms give ris ...
LAB: Nerve Reflexes
... does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the acti ...
... does not involve a large number of interneurons (or association neurons). The simplest version is a mono-synaptic reflex that uses one sensory and one motor neuron (for example, the patellar or knee-jerk reflex). Most reflexes are polysynaptical (involving more than two neurons) and involve the acti ...
Nervous and Endocrine Systems
... between the neurons called a synapse. The axon terminal, the part of the axon through which the impulse leaves that neuron, contains chemical-filled vesicles. When an impulse reaches the terminal, vesicles bind to the terminal’s membrane and release their chemicals into the synapse. Neurotransmitter ...
... between the neurons called a synapse. The axon terminal, the part of the axon through which the impulse leaves that neuron, contains chemical-filled vesicles. When an impulse reaches the terminal, vesicles bind to the terminal’s membrane and release their chemicals into the synapse. Neurotransmitter ...
NA EXAM 3 (May 2001)
... (see abducens nucleus for lesion) NA 208,403,405,408. Passage of facial nerve around abducens nucleus. NA 403. Located on the dorsal surface of the midbrian, caudal to the superior colliculus. Virtually all the ascending fibers in the lateral lemniscus synapse (from the ipsi- & contralateral superio ...
... (see abducens nucleus for lesion) NA 208,403,405,408. Passage of facial nerve around abducens nucleus. NA 403. Located on the dorsal surface of the midbrian, caudal to the superior colliculus. Virtually all the ascending fibers in the lateral lemniscus synapse (from the ipsi- & contralateral superio ...
- Valiente Lab
... remains unknown. Here we show that Nrg1 and ErbB4 signalling controls the development of inhibitory circuitries in the mammalian cerebral cortex by cell-autonomously regulating the connectivity of specific GABA (c-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. In contrast to the prevalent view, which s ...
... remains unknown. Here we show that Nrg1 and ErbB4 signalling controls the development of inhibitory circuitries in the mammalian cerebral cortex by cell-autonomously regulating the connectivity of specific GABA (c-aminobutyric acid)-containing interneurons. In contrast to the prevalent view, which s ...
The Endocrine System
... = the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are ...
... = the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles. It allows for the voluntary control of our muscles. • Also called the skeletal nervous system. • Walking, running, and jumping- You are ...
chapter 13 peripheral nervous system
... are generated at a constant rate in the associated sensory (la) fiber. ...
... are generated at a constant rate in the associated sensory (la) fiber. ...
Correlation between auditory threshold and the auditory brainstem
... notable risk factor for hearing impairment that affected neonates and can also affect the brainstem [26, 27]. The brainstem auditory pathway has been shown to be very sensitive to low blood oxygen concentrations with the consequent damage in the Organ of Corti or loss of brainstem neurons, such as c ...
... notable risk factor for hearing impairment that affected neonates and can also affect the brainstem [26, 27]. The brainstem auditory pathway has been shown to be very sensitive to low blood oxygen concentrations with the consequent damage in the Organ of Corti or loss of brainstem neurons, such as c ...
Interplay of environmental signals and progenitor diversity on fate
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
... Parvalbumin– and somatostatin-expressing interneurons are the two most abundant classes of cortical interneurons with non-overlapping molecular identities and relatively large cell bodies (>20µm; DeFelipe, 1993, 1997; Kawaguchi and Kondo, 2002). GABAergic interneurons expressing PV make up ∼40% of a ...
Role of the Nervous System in the Control of Vascular
... Lastly, though the vasodilatation in activated tissues was known to be mainly due to local factors ("vasodilator metabolites"), neurogenic vasodilator influences were often thought to form an important contribution. This gives in rough approximation the classical colncept of blood vessel control, an ...
... Lastly, though the vasodilatation in activated tissues was known to be mainly due to local factors ("vasodilator metabolites"), neurogenic vasodilator influences were often thought to form an important contribution. This gives in rough approximation the classical colncept of blood vessel control, an ...
Solving the Problem of Negative Synaptic Weights in Cortical Models
... arbitrary transformations on the encoded variables. Conveniently, the same methods can be employed. Instead of finding decoders φ to decode an estimate of x (i.e., computing the identity function), the same linear leastsquares method can be used to provide decoders φ g(x) for some arbitrary function ...
... arbitrary transformations on the encoded variables. Conveniently, the same methods can be employed. Instead of finding decoders φ to decode an estimate of x (i.e., computing the identity function), the same linear leastsquares method can be used to provide decoders φ g(x) for some arbitrary function ...
Umami, a taste unto itself
... caches of calcium, typically endoplasmic reticulum. IP3 acts on its own receptors there to initiate the release of Ca into the cytoplasm. This flush of intracellular calcium may be the trigger for transmitter release. Other pathways involving the G protein subunit and cAMP degradation may also be ...
... caches of calcium, typically endoplasmic reticulum. IP3 acts on its own receptors there to initiate the release of Ca into the cytoplasm. This flush of intracellular calcium may be the trigger for transmitter release. Other pathways involving the G protein subunit and cAMP degradation may also be ...
Coordinate Roles for LIM Homeobox Genes in Directing the
... neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventral branches (Figure 1A). The decision of motor axons t ...
... neural tube that lie in register with the limb fields (Hamburger, 1977; Ensini et al., 1998). LMC neurons initially project their axons along a common path, but at the base of the limb, the motor nerve bifurcates to form distinct dorsal and ventral branches (Figure 1A). The decision of motor axons t ...
Understanding the Human Sensory Conduction of Smell
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
... This theory, also called the steric theory, states that a particular odor of a molecule is due to a structural specificity between the odorant and the OR, like a key-and-lock. The basic idea of this theory has been developed since 1949. In 1991, Richard Axel and Linda Buck cloned and identified 1,00 ...
General Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous System
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
... Summary of Sympathetic Division • Cell bodies are found in the thoracic and lumbar portions of the spinal cord • Preganglionic fibers are short, connect to the sympathetic chain, and synapse with long postganglionic fibers • Preganglionic fibers produce ACh, postganglionic fibers produce NE or Ach ...
Organization of acetylcholine-containing structures in the cranial
... Figure 5. Oval or triangular ChAT-stained motoneurons (empty arrows) devoid of any contact with ChAT-positive bouton-like structures in the area of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. All the “boutons” (single arrows) are dispersed in the mesh of numerous fibres (double arrows). Scale bar 40 µm F ...
... Figure 5. Oval or triangular ChAT-stained motoneurons (empty arrows) devoid of any contact with ChAT-positive bouton-like structures in the area of the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve. All the “boutons” (single arrows) are dispersed in the mesh of numerous fibres (double arrows). Scale bar 40 µm F ...
Simulations of the Role of the Muscarinic-Activated Calcium- I in Entorhinal Neuronal
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
... drites lumped together. The addition of the separate initial segment compartment differs from the pyramidal cell. The lengths and cross sections of the three principal dendrite compartments were adjusted to give the dendrite a length constant of 2 (sealed-end condition). The compartment profiles are ...
Organelle motility and metabolism in axons vs dendrites of cultured
... play an important role in establishing and maintaining distinct axonal and dendritic domains in neurons, and in managing differences in local metabolic demands. In addition, known differences in microtubule polarity and organization between axons and dendrites along with the directional selectivity ...
... play an important role in establishing and maintaining distinct axonal and dendritic domains in neurons, and in managing differences in local metabolic demands. In addition, known differences in microtubule polarity and organization between axons and dendrites along with the directional selectivity ...
Adaptation of Firing Rate and Spike
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
... Adaptation is commonly seen as a decrease in response to a constant stimulus and is thought to accentuate time-varying input while attenuating static background values. Adaptation is ubiquitous in the auditory system and specifically in the sound localization pathway. In psychophysics, adaptation ma ...
Structural organization of the mormyrid ELL
... projection cells are still undetermined: primary afferents fiber layers. An important input arises from do not seem to contact large fusiform or large ganglionic electroreceptors, but corollary electromotor command cells directly, but seem to terminate exclusively on granular signals and propriocept ...
... projection cells are still undetermined: primary afferents fiber layers. An important input arises from do not seem to contact large fusiform or large ganglionic electroreceptors, but corollary electromotor command cells directly, but seem to terminate exclusively on granular signals and propriocept ...
Wnt Signaling Mutants Have Decreased Dentate Granule Cell
... Loss of Wnt1 and Wnt3A in double mutants leads to failed expansion of dorsal spinal precursors and subsequent loss of cell types derived from these precursors (Ikeya et al., 1997). Whether Wnt signaling also directly regulates neural cell fate in mammals is debated, although recent data indicates a ...
... Loss of Wnt1 and Wnt3A in double mutants leads to failed expansion of dorsal spinal precursors and subsequent loss of cell types derived from these precursors (Ikeya et al., 1997). Whether Wnt signaling also directly regulates neural cell fate in mammals is debated, although recent data indicates a ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... Nogo is a member of the Reticulon family, and is otherwise known as Reticulon 4. Three isoforms – Nogo-A (the largest), Nogo-B and Nogo-C (the smallest) – are generated in the nervous system by the Nogo gene. A 66-residue extracellular domain sequence (Nogo-66), common to all three isoforms, inhibit ...
... Nogo is a member of the Reticulon family, and is otherwise known as Reticulon 4. Three isoforms – Nogo-A (the largest), Nogo-B and Nogo-C (the smallest) – are generated in the nervous system by the Nogo gene. A 66-residue extracellular domain sequence (Nogo-66), common to all three isoforms, inhibit ...
Probing scale interaction in brain dynamics through synchronization
... of cortical columns, to the macroscopic scale of brain areas. These levels of description are associated with distinct temporal scales, ranging from milliseconds in the case of neurons to tens of seconds in the case of brain areas. Here, we examine theoretically how these spatial and temporal scales ...
... of cortical columns, to the macroscopic scale of brain areas. These levels of description are associated with distinct temporal scales, ranging from milliseconds in the case of neurons to tens of seconds in the case of brain areas. Here, we examine theoretically how these spatial and temporal scales ...
ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...