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A Brief History of the Reticular Formation
... The electrical stimulation experiments of the mammalian reticular formation by Hess inspired fellow Germans Eric von Holst and Ursula von Saint-Paul to try the same procedure in chickens with their report appearing in English in 1961. Since birds do not have a large cerbral cortex to plan motor acti ...
... The electrical stimulation experiments of the mammalian reticular formation by Hess inspired fellow Germans Eric von Holst and Ursula von Saint-Paul to try the same procedure in chickens with their report appearing in English in 1961. Since birds do not have a large cerbral cortex to plan motor acti ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released into the synapse between adjacent neurons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and in ...
... ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released into the synapse between adjacent neurons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and in ...
Chapter 8: The Nervous System
... ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released into the synapse between adjacent neurons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and in ...
... ions first move into a neuron and then potassium ions move out of a neuron. This is called an action potential. When the action potential reaches the end of the axon, neurotransmitter substances are released into the synapse between adjacent neurons. These chemicals diffuse across the synapse and in ...
No Slide Title
... Figure 18-5 S (first column), FR (second column), and FF (third column) motor units of cat gastrocnemius, showing the anatomical components (A), twitch response to a single stimulus (B), and responses to intermittent bursts of action potentials (C) for each. The same time and force scale applies to ...
... Figure 18-5 S (first column), FR (second column), and FF (third column) motor units of cat gastrocnemius, showing the anatomical components (A), twitch response to a single stimulus (B), and responses to intermittent bursts of action potentials (C) for each. The same time and force scale applies to ...
From the Eye to the Brain: Development of the Drosophila
... 2.2.3 Lobula Complex: The Lobula The lobula can be divided into six layers arranged perpendicularly to the columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between ...
... 2.2.3 Lobula Complex: The Lobula The lobula can be divided into six layers arranged perpendicularly to the columnar structures resulting from the columnar inputs of the medulla neurons (Fischbach & Dittrich, 1989). Almost all lobula cells are projection neurons whose cell bodies are located between ...
PDF - Oxford Academic - Oxford University Press
... 1981; Purves and Hume, 1981; Purves et al., 1986). Consequently, the results of defects in dendritic growth are profound, often accompanying severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as mental retardation (Purpura, 1975). Thus, the proper growth and arborization of dendrites are crucial for proper fu ...
... 1981; Purves and Hume, 1981; Purves et al., 1986). Consequently, the results of defects in dendritic growth are profound, often accompanying severe neurodevelopmental disorders such as mental retardation (Purpura, 1975). Thus, the proper growth and arborization of dendrites are crucial for proper fu ...
Sample pages 1 PDF
... fibers define each of their specific roles. At the macro level, the myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibers generally fulfill a sensory-discriminative role in that they confer the ability to rapidly detect and faithfully transmit critical information about the physical nature of the stimulus as well as its prec ...
... fibers define each of their specific roles. At the macro level, the myelinated Aβ and Aδ fibers generally fulfill a sensory-discriminative role in that they confer the ability to rapidly detect and faithfully transmit critical information about the physical nature of the stimulus as well as its prec ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... an injection, each pipette was mounted in a stereotaxic arm and connected to a Picospritzer II pressure injection system (Parker). The patency of the tip was insured by ejecting a small droplet of virus, and the number of pulses needed to deliver 100 nL of virus was determined. The pressure and dura ...
... an injection, each pipette was mounted in a stereotaxic arm and connected to a Picospritzer II pressure injection system (Parker). The patency of the tip was insured by ejecting a small droplet of virus, and the number of pulses needed to deliver 100 nL of virus was determined. The pressure and dura ...
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Mediates Activity
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
... Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promotes postnatal maturation of GABAergic inhibition in the cerebral and cerebellar cortices, and its expression and release are enhanced by neuronal activity, suggesting that it acts in a feedback manner to maintain a balance between excitation and inhibiti ...
Neurophysiology/special senses/smell and taste Lect. Dr. Zahid M
... taste buds, which are ovoid bodies measuring 50–70 μm. There are 2 morphologically distinct types of cells within each taste bud: basal cells and taste cells which found at various stages of development. Taste cells are the sensory neurons that respond to taste stimuli or tastants. Each taste bud ha ...
... taste buds, which are ovoid bodies measuring 50–70 μm. There are 2 morphologically distinct types of cells within each taste bud: basal cells and taste cells which found at various stages of development. Taste cells are the sensory neurons that respond to taste stimuli or tastants. Each taste bud ha ...
Heterogeneity of the Population of Command Neurons in the Lamprey
... duration was 18 ⫾ 12 msec (mean ⫾ SD). For the inhibitory responses, these values were 55 ⫾ 25% and 53 ⫾ 27 msec, respectively. A segmental delay of the responses also varied considerably; on average, however, the delay was the shortest for the ipsilateral excitatory responses (Fig. 4 A), longer for ...
... duration was 18 ⫾ 12 msec (mean ⫾ SD). For the inhibitory responses, these values were 55 ⫾ 25% and 53 ⫾ 27 msec, respectively. A segmental delay of the responses also varied considerably; on average, however, the delay was the shortest for the ipsilateral excitatory responses (Fig. 4 A), longer for ...
Branched thalamic afferents - the Sherman Lab
... currently being generated at lower levels. An efference copy is an instruction for a movement and must be clearly distinguished from the movement itself. It is not a movement. Even if the axon that represents the efference copy innervates a ventral horn cell whose axon goes directly to a muscle, thi ...
... currently being generated at lower levels. An efference copy is an instruction for a movement and must be clearly distinguished from the movement itself. It is not a movement. Even if the axon that represents the efference copy innervates a ventral horn cell whose axon goes directly to a muscle, thi ...
Functional maps within a single neuron
... a function of distance from soma seems to be organized such that the somatic EPSP amplitude remains relatively independent of the dendritic location of individual synapses (Magee and Cook 2000). The gradient in A-type K⫹ channel and the consequent bAP map play distinct roles in modulating synaptic p ...
... a function of distance from soma seems to be organized such that the somatic EPSP amplitude remains relatively independent of the dendritic location of individual synapses (Magee and Cook 2000). The gradient in A-type K⫹ channel and the consequent bAP map play distinct roles in modulating synaptic p ...
Atonia-Related Regions in the Rodent Pons and Medulla
... to the stereotaxic parameters. One-tenth microliter of glutamate agonists was microinjected over a period of 30 s. To test the effect of glutamate on muscle activity, 0.1 l of the specific N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) antagonist, DL⫺2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) and non-NMDA receptor antago ...
... to the stereotaxic parameters. One-tenth microliter of glutamate agonists was microinjected over a period of 30 s. To test the effect of glutamate on muscle activity, 0.1 l of the specific N-methyl-Daspartate (NMDA) antagonist, DL⫺2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) and non-NMDA receptor antago ...
COMMENTARY The diversity of hydrostatic skeletons
... A remarkably diverse group of organisms rely on a hydrostatic skeleton for support, movement, muscular antagonism and the amplification of the force and displacement of muscle contraction. In hydrostatic skeletons, force is transmitted not through rigid skeletal elements but instead by internal pres ...
... A remarkably diverse group of organisms rely on a hydrostatic skeleton for support, movement, muscular antagonism and the amplification of the force and displacement of muscle contraction. In hydrostatic skeletons, force is transmitted not through rigid skeletal elements but instead by internal pres ...
Coding Rate and Duration of Vocalizations of the Frog, Xenopus laevis
... cellular activity during fictive vocalizations (see below). In some neurons, voltage-clamp experiments were performed to characterize the synaptic currents received by the neurons during fictive vocalizations. The series resistance was ⬍15 M⍀ and the series resistance compensation was 90%. Membrane ...
... cellular activity during fictive vocalizations (see below). In some neurons, voltage-clamp experiments were performed to characterize the synaptic currents received by the neurons during fictive vocalizations. The series resistance was ⬍15 M⍀ and the series resistance compensation was 90%. Membrane ...
Chemosensory Systems
... associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with olfactory cilia containing the G-protein-coupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ability to recover from injury. OSN lo ...
... associated with one of the hundreds of olfactory receptors (OR). Olfactory sensory neurons (OSN) have dendrites with olfactory cilia containing the G-protein-coupled OR and axons that communicate to the olfactory bulb. OSN can regenerate, giving them an unusual ability to recover from injury. OSN lo ...
REVIEW Reticular formation and spinal cord injury
... classical distinction between neurotransmitters and neurohormones is blurred. It can be seen from the table that one area or one type of neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitters whereas one type of neurotransmitter can be synthesized by more than one area or one type of neurons. Th ...
... classical distinction between neurotransmitters and neurohormones is blurred. It can be seen from the table that one area or one type of neuron may release more than one type of neurotransmitters whereas one type of neurotransmitter can be synthesized by more than one area or one type of neurons. Th ...
Encoding Information in Neuronal Activity
... cerebral hemispheres [Engel et al., 1991] . The evidence for synchronized activity and the significance of this phenomenon has been recently thoroughly reviewed [Singer and Gray, 1995, Engel et al., 1997] . It has been suggested that this synchrony provides a means to bind together in time the featu ...
... cerebral hemispheres [Engel et al., 1991] . The evidence for synchronized activity and the significance of this phenomenon has been recently thoroughly reviewed [Singer and Gray, 1995, Engel et al., 1997] . It has been suggested that this synchrony provides a means to bind together in time the featu ...
Projections From the Ventral Cochlear Nucleus to the Dorsal
... posteriorly. There was considerable spatial overlap in these distributions, and much more work is needed to clarify this issue. Whether individual cell types in the granule cell domain preferentially innervate different regions of the DCN, and whether there are additional as yet still unidentified c ...
... posteriorly. There was considerable spatial overlap in these distributions, and much more work is needed to clarify this issue. Whether individual cell types in the granule cell domain preferentially innervate different regions of the DCN, and whether there are additional as yet still unidentified c ...
Dissecting appetite
... — mice that should have been hungry after sleeping most of the day lost all interest in food. It was as if they got a signal that said “I’m not hungry after all,” says Palmiter. “Flicking off the laser made the mice hungry again.” When these neurons were repeatedly stimulated at 12-hour intervals fo ...
... — mice that should have been hungry after sleeping most of the day lost all interest in food. It was as if they got a signal that said “I’m not hungry after all,” says Palmiter. “Flicking off the laser made the mice hungry again.” When these neurons were repeatedly stimulated at 12-hour intervals fo ...
BCM Theory
... Unlike our initial expectation, which envisioned some weighted contributions from both scales, we did not see any significant contribution of the short time scale in learned cerebellar timing (Supplementary Figure S1). See text for further explanations. Note 2. Normal behavior of the cerebellar netw ...
... Unlike our initial expectation, which envisioned some weighted contributions from both scales, we did not see any significant contribution of the short time scale in learned cerebellar timing (Supplementary Figure S1). See text for further explanations. Note 2. Normal behavior of the cerebellar netw ...
Document
... oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration Astrocytes – largest glia, star-shaped, many functions Microglia – involved in response to injury or disease Copyright © 2009 Allyn & Bacon ...
... oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration Astrocytes – largest glia, star-shaped, many functions Microglia – involved in response to injury or disease Copyright © 2009 Allyn & Bacon ...
Brainstem Nuclei and Tracts
... – axons crossing the midline in the ventral tegmental decussation and continue through the brain stem into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord as rubrospinal tract. Uncrossed fibers travel to the ipsilateral side terminate in the inferior olivary complex as rubroolivary fibers in the central te ...
... – axons crossing the midline in the ventral tegmental decussation and continue through the brain stem into the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord as rubrospinal tract. Uncrossed fibers travel to the ipsilateral side terminate in the inferior olivary complex as rubroolivary fibers in the central te ...