ATP-Sensitive Potassium Channels in Dopaminergic Neurons
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
... adapting electrical activity and in turn neuronal ATP consumption to the delicate metabolic state of neurons. KATP channel-mediated membrane hyperpolarization will reduce neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release and thus could counteract calcium overload and excitotoxicity. This mechanism coul ...
Regulation of Neurosteroid Biosynthesis by Neurotransmitters and
... is evidence that sulfated neurosteroids and NPY are involved in the regulation of similar behavioral activities. For instance, ∆5PS and DHEAS, like NPY, are implicated in the control of food intake in rodents (Reddy and Kulkarni 1998; Schwartz et al. 2000). Similarly, ∆5PS and NPY are known to regul ...
... is evidence that sulfated neurosteroids and NPY are involved in the regulation of similar behavioral activities. For instance, ∆5PS and DHEAS, like NPY, are implicated in the control of food intake in rodents (Reddy and Kulkarni 1998; Schwartz et al. 2000). Similarly, ∆5PS and NPY are known to regul ...
Sensory Adaptation and Short Term Plasticity as Bayesian
... whiskers denote 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Outliers have been removed for clarity. By cancelling out fluctuations in pre-synaptic excitability the adaptation model can substantially reduce response variability. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436.g002 ...
... whiskers denote 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. Outliers have been removed for clarity. By cancelling out fluctuations in pre-synaptic excitability the adaptation model can substantially reduce response variability. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012436.g002 ...
The Temporal Profile of 72-kDa Heat
... Figure 1. Section from lateral cortex (200x) of rat subject to 15 min of &hernia notable (monoclonal antibody to HSP72 protein, courtesy of M. Welch). tially in H,O, 70%, 95%, and 100% EtOH, and xylene, then in lOO%, 95%, and 70% EtOH and H,O for 3 min each. Slides were then placed into a solution o ...
... Figure 1. Section from lateral cortex (200x) of rat subject to 15 min of &hernia notable (monoclonal antibody to HSP72 protein, courtesy of M. Welch). tially in H,O, 70%, 95%, and 100% EtOH, and xylene, then in lOO%, 95%, and 70% EtOH and H,O for 3 min each. Slides were then placed into a solution o ...
Seizure, neurotransmitter release, and gene expression are closely
... activation of presynaptic metabotropic GLU receptors (Cartmell and Schoepp, 2000), 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and protein kinases (Perkinton and Sihra, 1999). It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 19 ...
... activation of presynaptic metabotropic GLU receptors (Cartmell and Schoepp, 2000), 4-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors and protein kinases (Perkinton and Sihra, 1999). It was believed for years that the main pathogenetic factor in epilepsies was the impairment of GABAergic transmission (Meldrum, 19 ...
er81 is expressed in a subpopulation of layer 5
... cortical cell types are determined in the ventricular zone just before the final proliferation (McConnell and Kaznowski, 1991). The neurons with the same ‘birthday’ in the ventricular zone are more or less distributed in similar laminar locations (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Rakic, 1972). On the othe ...
... cortical cell types are determined in the ventricular zone just before the final proliferation (McConnell and Kaznowski, 1991). The neurons with the same ‘birthday’ in the ventricular zone are more or less distributed in similar laminar locations (Angevine and Sidman, 1961; Rakic, 1972). On the othe ...
Table of Muscles: Actions and Invervations
... muscle component, drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis) can result from a nerve lesion affecting CN3 or sympathetic fibers Smooth muscle [S,M,I,L] "SO4, LR6, all rest CN3" ...
... muscle component, drooping of upper eyelid (ptosis) can result from a nerve lesion affecting CN3 or sympathetic fibers Smooth muscle [S,M,I,L] "SO4, LR6, all rest CN3" ...
BDNF-modulated Spatial Organization of Cajal
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
... GABAergic neurons also express reelin, but late in development (Alcantara et al., 1998). Finally, a third population of early-generated ‘pioneer neurons’ has recently been described (Morante-Oria et al., 2003); this population does not express reelin or GABA, but can be identified by TAG1 expression ...
cerebellum
... – Granule cells send axons into the molecular layer, which bifurcate, forming parallel fibers that run parallel to the folia. – The parallel fibers run perpendicular to the dendrites of the Purkinje cells. – Each parallel fiber forms excitatory synaptic contacts with numerous Purkinje cells. – All o ...
... – Granule cells send axons into the molecular layer, which bifurcate, forming parallel fibers that run parallel to the folia. – The parallel fibers run perpendicular to the dendrites of the Purkinje cells. – Each parallel fiber forms excitatory synaptic contacts with numerous Purkinje cells. – All o ...
Human Physiology - Maryville University
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
... Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. ...
stretch reflex 2
... ●Mechanism of clonus: • Clonus is the result of a stretch reflex inverse stretch reflex sequence, which occurs as follows : • Sudden stretch of the ms results in its contraction through the stretch reflex. • This is followed by relaxation due to; a) stoppage of impulse discharge from the ms spindles ...
... ●Mechanism of clonus: • Clonus is the result of a stretch reflex inverse stretch reflex sequence, which occurs as follows : • Sudden stretch of the ms results in its contraction through the stretch reflex. • This is followed by relaxation due to; a) stoppage of impulse discharge from the ms spindles ...
Interactions between Adjacent Ganglia Bring About the Bilaterally
... Kimble, 1981), while the other homologue, if allowed to develop, is diverted into some other, secondary developmental fate. It is not known whether the nonimmunoreactive homologueundergoescell death or simply takes on a different profile of neuropeptideexpression(Shankland and Martindale, 1989). It ...
... Kimble, 1981), while the other homologue, if allowed to develop, is diverted into some other, secondary developmental fate. It is not known whether the nonimmunoreactive homologueundergoescell death or simply takes on a different profile of neuropeptideexpression(Shankland and Martindale, 1989). It ...
Energy balance
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
... Now, back to caffeine. • Caffeine binds to the receptors for adenosine, but has no effect on the receptors. • When caffeine is bound, adenosine can’t bind. Adenosine Caffeine ...
Sensory Systems in the Control of Movement
... with a focus on somatosensory receptors. The response properties of the large muscle receptors are examined in detail. The role of sensory input in the control of movement is then discussed, with an emphasis on the control of locomotion. The interaction between central pattern generators and sensory ...
... with a focus on somatosensory receptors. The response properties of the large muscle receptors are examined in detail. The role of sensory input in the control of movement is then discussed, with an emphasis on the control of locomotion. The interaction between central pattern generators and sensory ...
Open-loop organization of thalamic reticular nucleus and dorsal
... subthreshold but also to respond to such stimuli with a burst of two to five action potentials. Previous experimental and computational work has established that bursts are a reliable way to send a high-efficacy signal to a postsynaptic target and are likely a more suitable mode for signal detection ...
... subthreshold but also to respond to such stimuli with a burst of two to five action potentials. Previous experimental and computational work has established that bursts are a reliable way to send a high-efficacy signal to a postsynaptic target and are likely a more suitable mode for signal detection ...
Expression of Cux-1 and Cux-2 in the Subventricular Zone and
... a wide range of transcription activities, it functions both as a transcriptional repressor and as an activator, and its transcriptional activity is regulated by posttranslational mechanisms involving phosphorylation, acetylation, and proteolysis (for review see Nepveu, 2001). Notably, several report ...
... a wide range of transcription activities, it functions both as a transcriptional repressor and as an activator, and its transcriptional activity is regulated by posttranslational mechanisms involving phosphorylation, acetylation, and proteolysis (for review see Nepveu, 2001). Notably, several report ...
Nucleus Accumbens Medium Spiny Neurons Target Non
... “long-loop” inhibitory feedback to regulate dopamine neuron activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connecti ...
... “long-loop” inhibitory feedback to regulate dopamine neuron activity (Einhorn et al., 1988; Rahman and McBride, 2000). However, it is unresolved whether the axon terminals of the MSNs synapse onto NAc-projecting dopamine neurons or a different class of VTA neuron. The nature of the synaptic connecti ...
Neural Syntax: Cell Assemblies, Synapsembles, and
... I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by single neurons alone. The most important modus o ...
... I suggest that an objective identification of the cell assembly requires two key conditions: a reader-classifier and a temporal frame. Neurons come together in transient time frames to produce a composite downstream effect, which cannot be achieved by single neurons alone. The most important modus o ...
An Optogenetic Approach to Understanding the Neural Circuits of Fear
... (1–7,11–13). Despite this progress, much remains to be understood about the fundamental principles by which fear conditioning is implemented at the level of defined neural circuits. In addition, information processing by neurons in these brain regions and particularly how circuit mechanisms give ris ...
... (1–7,11–13). Despite this progress, much remains to be understood about the fundamental principles by which fear conditioning is implemented at the level of defined neural circuits. In addition, information processing by neurons in these brain regions and particularly how circuit mechanisms give ris ...
An implantable electrode design for both chronic in vivo
... responsible for the positioning of the abdomen (Kennedy and Takeda, 1965a,b; Parnas and Atwood, 1966). The design of the implanted electrode presented here allowed us to monitor neuronal activity in the distal part of the N2 of the crayfish while leaving the animal with maximum freedom of movement. ...
... responsible for the positioning of the abdomen (Kennedy and Takeda, 1965a,b; Parnas and Atwood, 1966). The design of the implanted electrode presented here allowed us to monitor neuronal activity in the distal part of the N2 of the crayfish while leaving the animal with maximum freedom of movement. ...
9 Propagated Signaling: The Action Potential
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
... NERVE CELLS ARE ABLE TO carry signals over long distances because of their ability to generate an action potential—a regenerative electrical signal whose amplitude does not attenuate as it moves down the axon. In Chapter 7 we saw how an action potential arises from sequential changes in the membrane ...
PDF
... cell processes (dendrites, axons etc.) will be severed, generating a model of traumatic brain injury. According to early histological observation in slices, there is a 50- to 100-μm deep zone of severely disrupted tissue (Garthewaite et al., 1979; Bak et al., 1980; Frotscher et al., 1981). As a cons ...
... cell processes (dendrites, axons etc.) will be severed, generating a model of traumatic brain injury. According to early histological observation in slices, there is a 50- to 100-μm deep zone of severely disrupted tissue (Garthewaite et al., 1979; Bak et al., 1980; Frotscher et al., 1981). As a cons ...
Origins, migration and differentiation of glial cells in
... Sanes, 1991; Hall and Landis, 1991). Similarly, in the insect CNS, transplantation studies have suggested that single progenitors can produce both neurons and glia, at least in some cases (Technau and Campos-Ortega, 1986). However, while both neuroblasts and glioblasts arise from the same neuroectod ...
... Sanes, 1991; Hall and Landis, 1991). Similarly, in the insect CNS, transplantation studies have suggested that single progenitors can produce both neurons and glia, at least in some cases (Technau and Campos-Ortega, 1986). However, while both neuroblasts and glioblasts arise from the same neuroectod ...
Morphological and Quantitative Study of Neurons in the Gracile
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
... size and shape; 2) density of dendritic tree and 3) presence or absence of different types of spines and/or appendages on dendrites and/or cell bodies. Type I Neurons: These multipolar or elongated neurons (Figure 2) represented the largest impregnated neuronal type in the Gr. They had very large so ...
Sensory Pathways
... • Thermoreceptors • Also called temperature receptors • Conducted along the same pathways that carry pain sensations • Are free nerve endings located in: • The dermis ...
... • Thermoreceptors • Also called temperature receptors • Conducted along the same pathways that carry pain sensations • Are free nerve endings located in: • The dermis ...