The Neural Foundations of Reaction and Action in Aversive Motivation
... three hours for short-term memory (STM) or 24–48 h for long-term memory (LTM, depicted), animals are placed in a new context and exposed to multiple presentations of the CS alone. Innate defensive responses, i.e., ‘freezing’ behavior, are then scored as total time spent in this state over the course ...
... three hours for short-term memory (STM) or 24–48 h for long-term memory (LTM, depicted), animals are placed in a new context and exposed to multiple presentations of the CS alone. Innate defensive responses, i.e., ‘freezing’ behavior, are then scored as total time spent in this state over the course ...
Massive Loss of Mid- and Hindbrain Neurons during Embryonic
... homozygous animals may be responsible for their phenotype. To address this possibility, we undertook an in-depth analysis of the Lc/Lc CNS. P0 neonates were genotyped, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for histochemistry. We first examined the brain in the Lc/Lc neona ...
... homozygous animals may be responsible for their phenotype. To address this possibility, we undertook an in-depth analysis of the Lc/Lc CNS. P0 neonates were genotyped, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde, embedded in paraffin, and sectioned for histochemistry. We first examined the brain in the Lc/Lc neona ...
Review Early Steps in the Development of the Forebrain
... simple sheet of neuroepithelial cells. However, morphogenesis is more complex than in other regions of the CNS. In consequence, from looking at the mature forebrain, the derivation and topological relationships of its component parts are not immediately obvious. In this regard, fate-mapping studies, ...
... simple sheet of neuroepithelial cells. However, morphogenesis is more complex than in other regions of the CNS. In consequence, from looking at the mature forebrain, the derivation and topological relationships of its component parts are not immediately obvious. In this regard, fate-mapping studies, ...
experimental models for neurodegenerative diseases
... The shared view of Action Group members is that in the last decade, the study of the genetics of carrier families of ND provide a wealth of information on the components affecting disease mechanisms involved in ND pathogenesis and proved that, aside from the age of onset, the idiopathic forms of Alz ...
... The shared view of Action Group members is that in the last decade, the study of the genetics of carrier families of ND provide a wealth of information on the components affecting disease mechanisms involved in ND pathogenesis and proved that, aside from the age of onset, the idiopathic forms of Alz ...
The cutaneous sensory system Neuroscience and Biobehavioral
... Ruffini endings), having large RFs. Psychophysical procedures have traditionally been used to study the sense of touch and, as in hearing research where the sensory receptor is another type of specialised mechanoreceptor, differing frequencies of vibration are used to quantify the response properties ...
... Ruffini endings), having large RFs. Psychophysical procedures have traditionally been used to study the sense of touch and, as in hearing research where the sensory receptor is another type of specialised mechanoreceptor, differing frequencies of vibration are used to quantify the response properties ...
Ch. 49
... Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
... Lectures by Chris Romero, updated by Erin Barley with contributions from Joan Sharp Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Pearson Benjamin Cummings ...
Neurophysiological Aspects of Song Pattern Recognition and Sound
... (compare insets in Fig. 5; for details see Krahe and Ronacher, 1993). Auditory receptors of locusts were taken as a model system for the receptors of Ch. biguttulus due to their greater convenience for electrophysiological recordings. Earlier studies failed to reveal obvious differences in the recep ...
... (compare insets in Fig. 5; for details see Krahe and Ronacher, 1993). Auditory receptors of locusts were taken as a model system for the receptors of Ch. biguttulus due to their greater convenience for electrophysiological recordings. Earlier studies failed to reveal obvious differences in the recep ...
Loss of Neurons in Magnocellular and Parvocellular Layers of the
... layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the left LGN are connected to the glaucomatous right eye, while layers 2, 3, and 5 are connected to the nonglaucomatous left eye. To determine whether neurons are lo ...
... layers 1 and 2 are magnocellular layers, while the remaining dorsal layers 3 through 6 are parvocellular layers. Layers 1, 4, and 6 of the left LGN are connected to the glaucomatous right eye, while layers 2, 3, and 5 are connected to the nonglaucomatous left eye. To determine whether neurons are lo ...
Nancy A. O`Rourke Nicholas C. Weiler Kristina D
... about differences in the molecular composition of single synapses. Thus far, only a few proteomic studies have analyzed different synapse types or synapses from different brain regions. For example, a study of PSDs from rat forebrain and cerebellum revealed marked molecular heterogeneities between t ...
... about differences in the molecular composition of single synapses. Thus far, only a few proteomic studies have analyzed different synapse types or synapses from different brain regions. For example, a study of PSDs from rat forebrain and cerebellum revealed marked molecular heterogeneities between t ...
MINISTRY OF HEALTH OF UKRAINE VINNYTSIA NATIONAL
... components, including osmotically active substances, enter the brain tissue; a net flow of fluid from the intravascular space into the intercellular and intracellular spaces then produces vasogenic cerebral edema. In a vicious circle, these two varieties of edema lead to additional compression of br ...
... components, including osmotically active substances, enter the brain tissue; a net flow of fluid from the intravascular space into the intercellular and intracellular spaces then produces vasogenic cerebral edema. In a vicious circle, these two varieties of edema lead to additional compression of br ...
Time constants
... in what relative proportions. It turns out that each population of neurons has multiple types of receptor; in other words, most neurons have both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors, as well as GABAA and GABAB receptors. Quantitative estimates of receptor distribution are usually studied through t ...
... in what relative proportions. It turns out that each population of neurons has multiple types of receptor; in other words, most neurons have both NMDA and non-NMDA glutamate receptors, as well as GABAA and GABAB receptors. Quantitative estimates of receptor distribution are usually studied through t ...
Author`s personal copy
... is that changes in adjunctive drinking caused by administration of dopaminergic compounds might be the result of changes in the balance of activation of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors away from some optimum level, rather than just changes in overall levels of dopaminergic neurotransmission [ ...
... is that changes in adjunctive drinking caused by administration of dopaminergic compounds might be the result of changes in the balance of activation of dopamine D1-like and D2-like receptors away from some optimum level, rather than just changes in overall levels of dopaminergic neurotransmission [ ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
... The brain has a modular design. The advantages of modularity are well known to engineers: modules that can be replicated and cascaded, such as transistors and web servers, lie at the root of powerful technologies. The brain seems to apply this principle in two ways: with modular circuits and ...
Sympathetic Division (cont)
... The hypothalamus regulates the medullary centers. Because of the widespread interaction of the hypothalamus with other brain nuclei and cortical centers, ANS control and integration becomes very complex. ...
... The hypothalamus regulates the medullary centers. Because of the widespread interaction of the hypothalamus with other brain nuclei and cortical centers, ANS control and integration becomes very complex. ...
primary cortex - u.arizona.edu
... include a variety of nonmotor cognitive tasks • Basal ganglia function compromised in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (due to loss of dopamine from substantia nigra) and Huntington’s Disease (due to loss of cells in basal ganglia) ...
... include a variety of nonmotor cognitive tasks • Basal ganglia function compromised in patients with Parkinson’s Disease (due to loss of dopamine from substantia nigra) and Huntington’s Disease (due to loss of cells in basal ganglia) ...
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in Inflammatory and Degenerative Brain
... maze, suggesting that in rats COX-2 activity in the hippocampus is necessary for both memory and learning of a spatial task (22). In keeping with these findings, systemic administration of ibuprofen, a non-selective COX inhibitor, caused deficits in spatial learning in the water maze and in the indu ...
... maze, suggesting that in rats COX-2 activity in the hippocampus is necessary for both memory and learning of a spatial task (22). In keeping with these findings, systemic administration of ibuprofen, a non-selective COX inhibitor, caused deficits in spatial learning in the water maze and in the indu ...
The distributed human neural system for face perception
... a latency of 344 ms (P350), was recorded at different electrode sites, including an additional face-responsive region in right anterior ventral temporal cortex, which may correspond to sites of activation in studies of the retrieval of biographical information associated with faces12,41,42. Function ...
... a latency of 344 ms (P350), was recorded at different electrode sites, including an additional face-responsive region in right anterior ventral temporal cortex, which may correspond to sites of activation in studies of the retrieval of biographical information associated with faces12,41,42. Function ...
The major synthetic evolutionary transitions
... cognitive agents and non-genetic forms of information transmission, with the exception of human language. Even the problem of the emergence of eusociality, where the superorganism necessarily implies a higher-order processing of information, was treated in terms of a problem of clonality and gene-ba ...
... cognitive agents and non-genetic forms of information transmission, with the exception of human language. Even the problem of the emergence of eusociality, where the superorganism necessarily implies a higher-order processing of information, was treated in terms of a problem of clonality and gene-ba ...
Pacifier Use May Decrease the Risk of SIDS Abstract Introduction
... because the membrane potential difference is highly negative following chloride entry. This inhibition prevents the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of critical proteins (e.g. dopamine transporter or monoamine oxidase). Therefore, autopsy findings of infants with SIDS will likely exhibi ...
... because the membrane potential difference is highly negative following chloride entry. This inhibition prevents the release of neurotransmitters and the activity of critical proteins (e.g. dopamine transporter or monoamine oxidase). Therefore, autopsy findings of infants with SIDS will likely exhibi ...
Reward and Aversion
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
... neuromodulatory systems and neural circuits involved in reward (Wise 2004). Enormous advances have since been made in understanding the neural mechanisms underlying reward and aversion. It is now understood that reward is not a unitary process but contains several psychological components: liking (p ...
Direct Inhibition Evoked by Whisker Stimulation in Somatic Sensory
... epochs of whisker deflection. Two miniature screw-advance microdrives were mounted into grids fitted over the chambers. When screwed onto the grids, the microdrives independently advanced single tungsten wire electrodes (FHC) into the cortex. At the outset electrode tips were separated by roughly 1 ...
... epochs of whisker deflection. Two miniature screw-advance microdrives were mounted into grids fitted over the chambers. When screwed onto the grids, the microdrives independently advanced single tungsten wire electrodes (FHC) into the cortex. At the outset electrode tips were separated by roughly 1 ...
Distribution of neurons in functional areas of the mouse cerebral
... Examining the distribution of neurons across functional areas requires well-established criteria for identifying and isolating these areas. Such criteria have been established in the most widely used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarch ...
... Examining the distribution of neurons across functional areas requires well-established criteria for identifying and isolating these areas. Such criteria have been established in the most widely used mouse brain atlas, in which the cerebral cortex has been segmented by careful comparison of cytoarch ...