Neuronal Activation in the Medulla Oblongata During Selective
... adults (Koc et al. 1998). This study is the first step in identifying the oligosynaptic pathway involved in this response. Once the neural pathways are identified, future studies can begin to determine how to modulate the system to prevent laryngospasm. This study also addresses the integrative syst ...
... adults (Koc et al. 1998). This study is the first step in identifying the oligosynaptic pathway involved in this response. Once the neural pathways are identified, future studies can begin to determine how to modulate the system to prevent laryngospasm. This study also addresses the integrative syst ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... successively the stimulus, u, the reward r, the prediction v, the temporal difference of the predictions Dv ¼ vðt þ 1Þ 2 vðtÞ, and the temporal difference prediction error d, which is the sum of r and Dv. Here, we consider the simple Pavlovian case that a stimulus is shown around time t0 ¼ 1 in a tr ...
... successively the stimulus, u, the reward r, the prediction v, the temporal difference of the predictions Dv ¼ vðt þ 1Þ 2 vðtÞ, and the temporal difference prediction error d, which is the sum of r and Dv. Here, we consider the simple Pavlovian case that a stimulus is shown around time t0 ¼ 1 in a tr ...
Document
... Schwann cells – similar to function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration Astrocytes – largest glia, star-shaped, many functions Microglia – involved in response to injury or disease Copyright © 2009 Allyn & Bacon ...
... Schwann cells – similar to function of oligodendrocytes but in PNS, can guide axonal regeneration Astrocytes – largest glia, star-shaped, many functions Microglia – involved in response to injury or disease Copyright © 2009 Allyn & Bacon ...
Action-based language: A theory of language acquisition
... neurophysiology (see Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2007, for a review), and behavior. Here we focus on behavioral data and briefly touch on other approaches. The Indexical Hypothesis (Glenberg and Robertson, 1999) asserts that sentences are understood by creating a simulation of the actions that underli ...
... neurophysiology (see Rizzolatti and Craighero, 2007, for a review), and behavior. Here we focus on behavioral data and briefly touch on other approaches. The Indexical Hypothesis (Glenberg and Robertson, 1999) asserts that sentences are understood by creating a simulation of the actions that underli ...
The Control of Voluntary Eye Movements: New Perspectives
... and cognitive processing capabilities of the primate central nervous system. The importance of these higher order processes, and the complexity of the underlying mechanisms, pose both challenges and opportunities for using voluntary eye movements as a model for understanding the neural circuits invo ...
... and cognitive processing capabilities of the primate central nervous system. The importance of these higher order processes, and the complexity of the underlying mechanisms, pose both challenges and opportunities for using voluntary eye movements as a model for understanding the neural circuits invo ...
C6.4 PPT - Destiny High School
... • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexes and explain how they work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
... • Discuss the roles played by neurotransmitters. • Describe the three types of reflexes and explain how they work. © Goodheart-Willcox Co., Inc. ...
as a PDF
... than the response to weight gain (stimulation of alreadyactivated catabolic pathways, inhibition of already-suppressed anabolic pathways) (Table 1, Fig. 2). While the energy homeostasis system can therefore respond to a change of adiposity in either direction, this analysis provides a mechanistic an ...
... than the response to weight gain (stimulation of alreadyactivated catabolic pathways, inhibition of already-suppressed anabolic pathways) (Table 1, Fig. 2). While the energy homeostasis system can therefore respond to a change of adiposity in either direction, this analysis provides a mechanistic an ...
Contribution of Pedunculopontine Tegmental Nucleus Neurons to
... Given these anatomical and physiological results, we hypothesized that PPTN can relay signals related to motor control, limbic function, and motivation and that PPTN may function as an important interface for behavioral control by integrating various signals on each neuron. To investigate how PPTN n ...
... Given these anatomical and physiological results, we hypothesized that PPTN can relay signals related to motor control, limbic function, and motivation and that PPTN may function as an important interface for behavioral control by integrating various signals on each neuron. To investigate how PPTN n ...
the primate amygdala: neuronal representations of
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
... 2001). Almost nothing is known, however, about whether aspects of food other than taste and smell are represented in the amygdala. The texture of food is important in its palatability and acceptability (Bourne, 2002, consider e.g. damp cereal or potato chips), and temperature may also be important ( ...
Study Guides/Part_4
... The tonic firing and the velocity command (pulse) are summed together at the motorneuron level “Step” is a change in the tonic firing of the neural integrator All conjugate systems are believed to share the same integrators ...
... The tonic firing and the velocity command (pulse) are summed together at the motorneuron level “Step” is a change in the tonic firing of the neural integrator All conjugate systems are believed to share the same integrators ...
Dissociable Functions in the Medial and Lateral Orbitofrontal Cortex
... that such neurons code behavioural outcomes of trials. This suggests that the OFC is sensitive to the reinforcement properties, or value, of stimuli and, further, rapidly modulates the nature of this inf luence in the light of recent experience. Findings from Lesion Studies in Humans In humans, like ...
... that such neurons code behavioural outcomes of trials. This suggests that the OFC is sensitive to the reinforcement properties, or value, of stimuli and, further, rapidly modulates the nature of this inf luence in the light of recent experience. Findings from Lesion Studies in Humans In humans, like ...
Title - HAL
... structures. In this perspective, we present a model derived from the experimental data one of the authors obtained in a detailed quantitative study of the main primate striatal and pallidal neurons (Yelnik et al.,1984; Yelnik et al.1991). The striatal cells were medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which re ...
... structures. In this perspective, we present a model derived from the experimental data one of the authors obtained in a detailed quantitative study of the main primate striatal and pallidal neurons (Yelnik et al.,1984; Yelnik et al.1991). The striatal cells were medium spiny neurons (MSNs), which re ...
Sample pages PDF
... hypothalamus and its extension, the pituitary gland, causes the visceral manifestations associated with these emotions. These emotional manifestations can be triggered by consciousness, but inversely, physical states can be made conscious thanks in part to the insula. The regulation of these emotion ...
... hypothalamus and its extension, the pituitary gland, causes the visceral manifestations associated with these emotions. These emotional manifestations can be triggered by consciousness, but inversely, physical states can be made conscious thanks in part to the insula. The regulation of these emotion ...
An Overview on the Physiologic Anatomy of the Autonomic Nervous
... muscarinic. Adrenergic receptors: alpha (α) and beta (β), with α being more abundant. The adrenergic receptors are further divided into (α1, α2, β1 and β2) according to some factors. ...
... muscarinic. Adrenergic receptors: alpha (α) and beta (β), with α being more abundant. The adrenergic receptors are further divided into (α1, α2, β1 and β2) according to some factors. ...
Novel visual stimuli activate a population of neurons
... (including the S+) were rewarded, and only one stimulus, the S¡, was punished if licks were made when it was shown. The performance of the monkeys was always between 90% and 100% correct for both the rewarded and the non-rewarded stimuli, indicating that the visual stimuli were indeed being seen and ...
... (including the S+) were rewarded, and only one stimulus, the S¡, was punished if licks were made when it was shown. The performance of the monkeys was always between 90% and 100% correct for both the rewarded and the non-rewarded stimuli, indicating that the visual stimuli were indeed being seen and ...
Spinal Cord-Evoked Potentials and Muscle Responses Evoked by
... column stimulators were implanted for treatment of pain and not for the purpose of these experiments. Neuroleptic anesthesia (1–3 mg of midazolam, i.v.) was used in all patients. Each patient was positioned prone and then prepped and draped from the mid to lower thoracic spine. L ocal anesthesia usi ...
... column stimulators were implanted for treatment of pain and not for the purpose of these experiments. Neuroleptic anesthesia (1–3 mg of midazolam, i.v.) was used in all patients. Each patient was positioned prone and then prepped and draped from the mid to lower thoracic spine. L ocal anesthesia usi ...
Axonal conduction properties of antidromically identified neurons in
... Physiological studies of the rodent somatosensory cortex have consistently described considerable heterogeneity in receptive field properties of neurons outside of layer IV, particularly those in layers V and VI. One such approach for distinguishing among different local circuits in these layers may ...
... Physiological studies of the rodent somatosensory cortex have consistently described considerable heterogeneity in receptive field properties of neurons outside of layer IV, particularly those in layers V and VI. One such approach for distinguishing among different local circuits in these layers may ...
Impaired Cl Extrusion in Layer V Pyramidal Neurons of Chronically
... GABAA responses has been reported after axotomy, other neuronal injuries, and seizures (Malek et al. 2003; Nabekura et al. 2002; Woo et al. 2002). It is possible that sufficient KCC2 activity is present in neurons of the undercut cortex to maintain a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but no ...
... GABAA responses has been reported after axotomy, other neuronal injuries, and seizures (Malek et al. 2003; Nabekura et al. 2002; Woo et al. 2002). It is possible that sufficient KCC2 activity is present in neurons of the undercut cortex to maintain a normal low [Cl⫺]i under resting conditions but no ...
Comparison of nerve cord development
... mitotically active neural progenitor cells. Musashi homologs that encode RNA-binding proteins might play a role in maintaining the stem-cell state in Drosophila (Nakamura et al., 1994; Okabe and Okano, 1996) and mouse (Sakakibara et al., 1996; Sakakibara and Okano, 1997). Neural regionalization gene ...
... mitotically active neural progenitor cells. Musashi homologs that encode RNA-binding proteins might play a role in maintaining the stem-cell state in Drosophila (Nakamura et al., 1994; Okabe and Okano, 1996) and mouse (Sakakibara et al., 1996; Sakakibara and Okano, 1997). Neural regionalization gene ...
Rules relating connections to cortical structure in primate prefrontal cortex H. Barbas
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
... because their structure also varies systematically in primates (for review see [16]). Within the conceptual framework of the structural model, feedforward projections in sensory areas always originate in areas with higher laminar de4nition in comparison with the site of termination, while the opposi ...
Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex
... to a fixed level, can be flexibly allocated or reallocated between two concurrent tasks based on their needs, and enhances behavioral performance when its allocation to one task is increased. Further, a metamemory task requiring spatial information has been used to understand the neural mechanism fo ...
... to a fixed level, can be flexibly allocated or reallocated between two concurrent tasks based on their needs, and enhances behavioral performance when its allocation to one task is increased. Further, a metamemory task requiring spatial information has been used to understand the neural mechanism fo ...
Tyrosine Hydroxylase in the Rat Parabrachial Region: Ultrastructural
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
... Axons and axon terminals with TH-I comprised the remaining 83% (524 out of 625) of all labeled profiles in the dorsal, ventral, central, and external nuclei of the PBR. The axons were primarily small (0.1-0.2 pm in diameter) and unmyelinated (Fig. 4A). However, occasionally a slightly larger (0.3-0. ...
Encoding of conditioned fear in central amygdala inhibitory circuits
... direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two classes of neurons (Fig. 2c, f; CElon to CEloff, 9 of 35 pairs; CEl ...
... direct input from sensory thalamus24. Cross-correlating spontaneously occurring spikes of simultaneously recorded CElon and CEloff neurons revealed substantial, yet asymmetrical, short-latency inhibitory interactions between the two classes of neurons (Fig. 2c, f; CElon to CEloff, 9 of 35 pairs; CEl ...