Topography of Modular Subunits in the Mushroom Bodies of the
... Golgi preparations have shown that different slabs are formed by axons of different subsets of Kenyon cells (Mizunami et al., 1997). In the cross section of the a lobe, the slabs at the posterior region are arched, with the largest curvature at the posterior end, and those at the anterior region are ...
... Golgi preparations have shown that different slabs are formed by axons of different subsets of Kenyon cells (Mizunami et al., 1997). In the cross section of the a lobe, the slabs at the posterior region are arched, with the largest curvature at the posterior end, and those at the anterior region are ...
Patterning of brain precursors in ascidian embryos
... receptors ALK4, ALK5 and ALK6 (SB431542), or inhibited Nodal mRNA translation by injection of anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides (Nodal-MO) (Fig. 2A). These treatments resulted in loss of Trp expression from column 3. Gsx expression in column 2 was also strongly reduced following Nodal signal in ...
... receptors ALK4, ALK5 and ALK6 (SB431542), or inhibited Nodal mRNA translation by injection of anti-sense morpholino oligonucleotides (Nodal-MO) (Fig. 2A). These treatments resulted in loss of Trp expression from column 3. Gsx expression in column 2 was also strongly reduced following Nodal signal in ...
BOOK 1: Nervous system anatomy and function
... electrons between molecules), which is how chemical microsensors measure dopamine. Two events must occur before dopamine is monitored by a chemical microsensor. First, dopamine must come in contact with the carbon fiber, or at least within a few angstroms (10 nanometers). Second, the carbon fiber mu ...
... electrons between molecules), which is how chemical microsensors measure dopamine. Two events must occur before dopamine is monitored by a chemical microsensor. First, dopamine must come in contact with the carbon fiber, or at least within a few angstroms (10 nanometers). Second, the carbon fiber mu ...
A neural basis for a false memory
... Moreover, implanted memory is not an artifact of unintended reward or punishment because NBstm as used in our studies is motivationally neutral (Miasnikov, Chen, Gross, Poytress, & Weinberger, 2008a). Rather, the nucleus basalis appears to be ‘‘downstream’’ of motivational systems and may constitute ...
... Moreover, implanted memory is not an artifact of unintended reward or punishment because NBstm as used in our studies is motivationally neutral (Miasnikov, Chen, Gross, Poytress, & Weinberger, 2008a). Rather, the nucleus basalis appears to be ‘‘downstream’’ of motivational systems and may constitute ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For a number of reasons, including the large exposed surface area of ...
... is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For a number of reasons, including the large exposed surface area of ...
Spontaneous and Stimulus-Evoked Intrinsic Optical Signals in
... is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For a number of reasons, including the large exposed surface area of ...
... is not clear, however, to what extent these apparent differences are due to species differences or recording methodology because in only one case (Bakin et al. 1996) were optical images verified with electrophysiological recording. For a number of reasons, including the large exposed surface area of ...
Representation of Umami Taste in the Human Brain
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 15, 2017 ...
... Downloaded from http://jn.physiology.org/ by 10.220.32.247 on June 15, 2017 ...
Swim Initiation Neurons in Tritonia diomedea1
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
... program, and activity in DRI is both necessary and sufficient for sensory input to elicit the swim motor program. Tr1 is an excitatory interneuron that fires briefly in response to sensory input and then remains silent during the motor program. Tr1 excites DRI with an excitatory connection that has ...
kbook or W NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS
... pulses of magnetic energy into the brain through field the skull. In this way it can activate or disrupt the functioning of specific brain regions (Figure 3). Wire coil TMS is noninvasive and extensive studies have Targeted brain region shown it to be safe, so its been a ...
... pulses of magnetic energy into the brain through field the skull. In this way it can activate or disrupt the functioning of specific brain regions (Figure 3). Wire coil TMS is noninvasive and extensive studies have Targeted brain region shown it to be safe, so its been a ...
Fractalkine is a “find-me” signal released by neurons
... has proven very useful for studying developmental neuronal apoptotic mechanisms. Ethanol injection at postnatal day 7 causes robust forebrain neuronal apoptosis (as opposed to other forms of cell death such as necrosis) and the dose required and time course have been well-characterized (Ikonomidou e ...
... has proven very useful for studying developmental neuronal apoptotic mechanisms. Ethanol injection at postnatal day 7 causes robust forebrain neuronal apoptosis (as opposed to other forms of cell death such as necrosis) and the dose required and time course have been well-characterized (Ikonomidou e ...
Shamanism in Cross-Cultural Perspective
... of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reproductive periods of life. It was generally accepted that the spirits themselves selected the shamans, with ...
... of shamans who received their powers from the spirit allies of their ancestors. Shamans were most typically men, but, in most cultures, women could also practice shamanism in pre- and post-reproductive periods of life. It was generally accepted that the spirits themselves selected the shamans, with ...
Reward-Related Neuronal Activity During Go - Research
... discriminated between primary and conditioned appetitive and aversive stimuli and were activated specifically in extinction or reversal trials (Thorpe et al. 1983). Neurons in the caudally adjoining orbitofrontal taste area showed specific gustatory and olfactory responses that were modified in rela ...
... discriminated between primary and conditioned appetitive and aversive stimuli and were activated specifically in extinction or reversal trials (Thorpe et al. 1983). Neurons in the caudally adjoining orbitofrontal taste area showed specific gustatory and olfactory responses that were modified in rela ...
The Neurocircuitry of Impaired Insight in Drug Addiction
... that encompassed the left insula; conversely, the rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was equally active for both error types32. Similar neuroanatomical dissociations have been observed using an anti-saccade task33. Further functional dissociations between these cortices on cognitive contro ...
... that encompassed the left insula; conversely, the rostral and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex was equally active for both error types32. Similar neuroanatomical dissociations have been observed using an anti-saccade task33. Further functional dissociations between these cortices on cognitive contro ...
Cocaine and Amphetamines (PDF Available)
... cortex, which plays a role in memory and other complex aspects of information processing, and limbic system. An important limbic target is the nucleus accumbens. Dopamine release in this area of the forebrain occurs in response to naturally occurring pleasures such as food, novelty and sex. The amph ...
... cortex, which plays a role in memory and other complex aspects of information processing, and limbic system. An important limbic target is the nucleus accumbens. Dopamine release in this area of the forebrain occurs in response to naturally occurring pleasures such as food, novelty and sex. The amph ...
Cholinergic Deafferentation of the Entorhinal Cortex in Rats
... reactivation of the pattern of spikes through recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission. This depends on previous strengthening of excitatory recurrent connections resulting from spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. When stimuli are familiar, the animal may draw on the memory maintained in e ...
... reactivation of the pattern of spikes through recurrent excitatory synaptic transmission. This depends on previous strengthening of excitatory recurrent connections resulting from spike timing-dependent synaptic plasticity. When stimuli are familiar, the animal may draw on the memory maintained in e ...
09 - Pierce College
... 53. Join cortex of cerebrum with midbrain a. Association tracts b. Commissural tracts c. Projection tracts 54. Join cortex of cerebrum on right side of brain with cortex of cerebrum on left side of brain: a. Association tracts b. Commissural tracts c. Projection tracts 55. Corpus callosum is one of ...
... 53. Join cortex of cerebrum with midbrain a. Association tracts b. Commissural tracts c. Projection tracts 54. Join cortex of cerebrum on right side of brain with cortex of cerebrum on left side of brain: a. Association tracts b. Commissural tracts c. Projection tracts 55. Corpus callosum is one of ...
Behavioral and Pathological Effects in the Rat
... Before testing and dosing, the animals in this set were trained for the vertical ladder task (see below). The rats were then assigned to one of five groups, and dosed i.p. for 3 consecutive days with control vehicle (3 rats received 1 ml kg1 day1 of corn oil and 4 rats received 2 ml kg1 day1 of ...
... Before testing and dosing, the animals in this set were trained for the vertical ladder task (see below). The rats were then assigned to one of five groups, and dosed i.p. for 3 consecutive days with control vehicle (3 rats received 1 ml kg1 day1 of corn oil and 4 rats received 2 ml kg1 day1 of ...
Normalization as a canonical neural computation
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
... in the primary visual cortex 17–19. Similar computations20 had been proposed previously to explain light adaptation in the retina21–24, size invariance in the fly visual system25 and associative memory in the hippocampus26. Evidence that has accumulated since then suggests that normalization plays a ...
Stereoscopic Mechanisms in Monkey Visual Cortex: Binocular
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
... The brain utilizes the signalsfrom the 2 eyes to recover the relative depth of objects.Wheatstone (1838) first demonstrated that a difference, or disparity, in the relative horizontal position of the object’s imagesin the 2 eyescan generatean impression of depth and solidity. Julesz(1960, 1971)later ...
Cognon Neural Model Software Verification and
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
... Little is known yet about how the brain can recognize arbitrary sensory patterns within milliseconds using neural spikes to communicate information between neurons. In a typical brain there are several layers of neurons, with each neuron axon connecting to ∼ 104 synapses of neurons in an adjacent la ...
Vision in Drosophila - University of Queensland
... One striking aspect of Drosophila vision research is how simple the behavioral paradigms often are, compared with the complexity of the underlying circuits introduced above. Again, this is because initial approaches to vision were necessarily reductionist. These assays often involved fly populations ...
... One striking aspect of Drosophila vision research is how simple the behavioral paradigms often are, compared with the complexity of the underlying circuits introduced above. Again, this is because initial approaches to vision were necessarily reductionist. These assays often involved fly populations ...
Altered neural reward and loss processing and
... pleasure-predicting cues, is a core symptom of depression that seems to be substantially associated with altered learning from both positive and negative outcomes (Chase et al., 2010). Several studies reported anhedonia to be linked to reduced ventral striatal (VS) activity during reward processing ...
... pleasure-predicting cues, is a core symptom of depression that seems to be substantially associated with altered learning from both positive and negative outcomes (Chase et al., 2010). Several studies reported anhedonia to be linked to reduced ventral striatal (VS) activity during reward processing ...
T3 Final Paper - Drew University
... olfactory tubercle. Understanding how the neurons in this region communicate is vital to understanding how the olfactory tubercle may contribute to drug dependence in individuals. Olfaction begins with the sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium. The axons of those sensory neurons send i ...
... olfactory tubercle. Understanding how the neurons in this region communicate is vital to understanding how the olfactory tubercle may contribute to drug dependence in individuals. Olfaction begins with the sensory neurons located in the olfactory epithelium. The axons of those sensory neurons send i ...
Processes Changes in Acetylcholine Extracellular Levels
... the results reported in this section. The relationship between motor activity and ACh release may depend on the region investigated, the different levels of arousal and attention, and the type of behavior. As already mentioned, Watanabe et al. (1990) demonstrated a relationship between motor activit ...
... the results reported in this section. The relationship between motor activity and ACh release may depend on the region investigated, the different levels of arousal and attention, and the type of behavior. As already mentioned, Watanabe et al. (1990) demonstrated a relationship between motor activit ...