Form representation in monkey inferotemporal cortex is virtually
... Two monkeys performed a form-recognition task. They were required to make a different response (saccade) for each of four target stimuli (Fig. 1). The targets were designed so that they could be discriminated only using the central retina (that is, within 2–3 degrees eccentricity). The recognition t ...
... Two monkeys performed a form-recognition task. They were required to make a different response (saccade) for each of four target stimuli (Fig. 1). The targets were designed so that they could be discriminated only using the central retina (that is, within 2–3 degrees eccentricity). The recognition t ...
Functional neuroanatomy of the primate isocortical motor system
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
... parieto-frontal circuits. These circuits work in parallel and transform different aspects of sensory information into appropriate motor commands. The aim of this review is to give a concise overview of the anatomical and functional organization of the agranular frontal isocortex in macaques and to d ...
Pathways for emotions and memory
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are a key link in pathways associated with emotions and memory. In the preceding study we found that one of the anterior nuclei, the anterior medial (AM), had particularly robust connections with specific medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and moderate connecti ...
... The anterior thalamic nuclei are a key link in pathways associated with emotions and memory. In the preceding study we found that one of the anterior nuclei, the anterior medial (AM), had particularly robust connections with specific medial prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices and moderate connecti ...
Visual areas and spatial summation in human visual cortex
... field representations. The largest of these falls in posterior occipital cortex at the confluence of areas V1, V2 and V3. A second distinct central field representation Is visible at the fundus of the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) where areas V3A and V3B are observed (Smith et al., 1998; Tootell ...
... field representations. The largest of these falls in posterior occipital cortex at the confluence of areas V1, V2 and V3. A second distinct central field representation Is visible at the fundus of the transverse occipital sulcus (TOS) where areas V3A and V3B are observed (Smith et al., 1998; Tootell ...
The neural mechanisms of perceptual filling-in
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
... Steady fixation and stabilized retinal image. Filling-in also occurs in the normal visual field where there is no deficit of visual inputs. In one example, stabilization of the border of a surface on the retina causes fillingin. For instance, when steady fixation is maintained, the contrast of an ob ...
Development and aging of cortical thickness correspond to genetic
... line with other recent studies, suggesting monotonic cortical thinning from an early age (7–9, 23–28) and also in agreement with recently published studies of infants observing that cortical thickness in many regions may peak before 1 or at least 2 y of age (29, 30). The present findings may indicat ...
... line with other recent studies, suggesting monotonic cortical thinning from an early age (7–9, 23–28) and also in agreement with recently published studies of infants observing that cortical thickness in many regions may peak before 1 or at least 2 y of age (29, 30). The present findings may indicat ...
Tinnitus: What You Need to Know
... 2. Bolus-tracking measures cerebral blood volume, making use of external contrast agents (Belliveau et al. 1991). 3. Spin-tagging assesses cerebral blood flow, using arterial blood for intrinsic contrast (Detre et al. 1992). ...
... 2. Bolus-tracking measures cerebral blood volume, making use of external contrast agents (Belliveau et al. 1991). 3. Spin-tagging assesses cerebral blood flow, using arterial blood for intrinsic contrast (Detre et al. 1992). ...
mTOR pathway – novel modulator of astrocyte activity.
... Astrocyte roles in the CNS Astrocytes, also known as astroglia, are the most abundant cells in the brain and belong to the group of macroglial cells which is subdivided into other specialized cell types: ependymal cells, Schwann cells and oligodendroglia (GARCIA-SEGURA & MCCARTHY 2004). Two main typ ...
... Astrocyte roles in the CNS Astrocytes, also known as astroglia, are the most abundant cells in the brain and belong to the group of macroglial cells which is subdivided into other specialized cell types: ependymal cells, Schwann cells and oligodendroglia (GARCIA-SEGURA & MCCARTHY 2004). Two main typ ...
Stephen Hawking
... Gehrig’s Disease, Motor Neuron Disease, or as the French calls it maladie de Charcot. ALS is a fatal and incurable neurological disease that damages the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an impo ...
... Gehrig’s Disease, Motor Neuron Disease, or as the French calls it maladie de Charcot. ALS is a fatal and incurable neurological disease that damages the motor neurons in the brain and spinal cord. Motor neurons are nerve cells that control your movement. The upper and lower motor neurons are an impo ...
Engagement of brain areas implicated in processing inner speech in
... The patients’ clinical profile and history at interview were confirmed by liaison with the responsible clinical team and assessment of medical records. All except one person (who was not receiving treatment) had been receiving antipsychotic medication (five were treated with atypical and two with ty ...
... The patients’ clinical profile and history at interview were confirmed by liaison with the responsible clinical team and assessment of medical records. All except one person (who was not receiving treatment) had been receiving antipsychotic medication (five were treated with atypical and two with ty ...
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... (approximately 10 s) we measured anxiety levels by using the elevated plus-maze test. Each rat was individually placed in an elevated plus-maze, consisting of two open arms (50 × 10 cm2 each), two closed arms (50 × 10 × 20 cm3 each) and a central platform (10 × 10 cm2 ), arranged in a way so that th ...
... (approximately 10 s) we measured anxiety levels by using the elevated plus-maze test. Each rat was individually placed in an elevated plus-maze, consisting of two open arms (50 × 10 cm2 each), two closed arms (50 × 10 × 20 cm3 each) and a central platform (10 × 10 cm2 ), arranged in a way so that th ...
Schema Theory
... of sense-data, schema theory posits an active and selective process of schema formation (cf. Piaget’s notion of assimilation) which in some sense constructs reality as much as it embodies it. More generally, cognitive psychology views schemas as cognitive structures built up in the course of interac ...
... of sense-data, schema theory posits an active and selective process of schema formation (cf. Piaget’s notion of assimilation) which in some sense constructs reality as much as it embodies it. More generally, cognitive psychology views schemas as cognitive structures built up in the course of interac ...
One Computer Scientist`s (Deep) Superior Colliculus
... Every natural organism embodies solutions to a host of ecological problems, found through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various lev ...
... Every natural organism embodies solutions to a host of ecological problems, found through eons of evolution. The study of these solutions and their applications in technical settings is called biomimetics and it has been a driving force in many areas of research. Biomimetic approaches at various lev ...
Distinct Representations and Theta Dynamics in Dorsal and Ventral
... their spike waveforms (100 traces superimposed) on each channel of the tetrode. C, Left, The open arena had 30-cm-high walls (in gray) and a 1 ⫻ 2 m floor (in black). The dotted line shows the travel path of the rat. Center, Color-coded plot of firing rate as a function of rat’s position for a repre ...
... their spike waveforms (100 traces superimposed) on each channel of the tetrode. C, Left, The open arena had 30-cm-high walls (in gray) and a 1 ⫻ 2 m floor (in black). The dotted line shows the travel path of the rat. Center, Color-coded plot of firing rate as a function of rat’s position for a repre ...
Afferents to the Optic Tectum of the Leopard Frog: An HRP Study
... Both similarities and differences between this study and Trachtenberg and Ingle's ('74) are apparent. Their finding that the lateral nucleus is the primary source of pretectal afferents to the tectum, and that this projection is bilateral (but heavier ipsilaterally) is corroborated. Trachtenberg and ...
... Both similarities and differences between this study and Trachtenberg and Ingle's ('74) are apparent. Their finding that the lateral nucleus is the primary source of pretectal afferents to the tectum, and that this projection is bilateral (but heavier ipsilaterally) is corroborated. Trachtenberg and ...
Author`s personal copy - University of Queensland
... selective forces of the ‘‘small branch niche’’ (Martin, 1986). It is important to note that the vast majority of the nuclei of the systems under investigation here do not play any direct role in the neural processes related to flight, vision or echolocation and as such the findings cannot be ignored o ...
... selective forces of the ‘‘small branch niche’’ (Martin, 1986). It is important to note that the vast majority of the nuclei of the systems under investigation here do not play any direct role in the neural processes related to flight, vision or echolocation and as such the findings cannot be ignored o ...
Functional circuitry underlying visual neglect
... presented in the contralesional hemifield. Neglect has been elicited in experimental models of the rat, cat and monkey, and is thought to result in part from a pathological state of inhibition exerted on the damaged hemisphere by the hyperexcited intact hemisphere. We sought to test this theory by a ...
... presented in the contralesional hemifield. Neglect has been elicited in experimental models of the rat, cat and monkey, and is thought to result in part from a pathological state of inhibition exerted on the damaged hemisphere by the hyperexcited intact hemisphere. We sought to test this theory by a ...
Spatial and temporal frequency selectivity of neurons in
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
... components (Campbell & Robson, 1968; Glezer et al., 1973; Maffei & Fiorentini, 1973). While at one stage this may have been seen as incompatible with feature-based representations (Hubel & Wiesel, 1962, 1968), physiological and psychophysical studies have since indicated that different Fourier chann ...
Frontostriatal mechanisms in instruction-based learning
... task and the number of response alternatives it might take quite a while to figure out what is correct under which circumstances. In contrast, humans can adopt and behaviorally implement novel stimulus-response (S-R) rules almost instantaneously if explicitly instructed. Most experimental laboratorie ...
... task and the number of response alternatives it might take quite a while to figure out what is correct under which circumstances. In contrast, humans can adopt and behaviorally implement novel stimulus-response (S-R) rules almost instantaneously if explicitly instructed. Most experimental laboratorie ...
Glucose-sensing neurons: Are they physiologically relevant?
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
... plateau at approximately 5 mM under severe plasma hyperglycemia. On the other hand, brain levels of approximately 0.2 –0.5 mM correlate with the 2– 3-mM plasma glucose levels, which trigger counterregulation (Fig. 1) [32]. In light of this work, most studies of both glucose-sensing and nonglucose-se ...
Neural circuits underlying the generation of theta oscillations
... et al., 1962), a structure well known for its direct cholinergic projections to the hippocampus. The MS together with the vertical and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB) is a midline structure part of a vast region known as basal forebrain (Zaborszky et al., 2005). The MS pr ...
... et al., 1962), a structure well known for its direct cholinergic projections to the hippocampus. The MS together with the vertical and horizontal limb of the diagonal band of Broca (VDB and HDB) is a midline structure part of a vast region known as basal forebrain (Zaborszky et al., 2005). The MS pr ...
Measurement of variability dynamics in cortical spike trains
... performed with the help of Mathematica (Wolfram Research, Inc.). We provide documented Matlab code for some of the methods described below within the framework of the FIND toolbox (Meier et al., 2007; http://find.bccn.uni-freiburg.de). 2.1.3. Operational time and rate modulation Neurons observed in ...
... performed with the help of Mathematica (Wolfram Research, Inc.). We provide documented Matlab code for some of the methods described below within the framework of the FIND toolbox (Meier et al., 2007; http://find.bccn.uni-freiburg.de). 2.1.3. Operational time and rate modulation Neurons observed in ...