Dopamine Deficiency in a Genetic Mouse Model of Lesch
... Ci/mmol) was obtained from DuPont-New England Nuclear (Boston, MA). Conical polypropylene tubes, rubber stoppers, and centerwells for CO1 trapping assays were obtained from Fisher/Kontes (Vineland, NJ). Animals. Mice carrying a deletion mutation in the HPRT gene (Hooper et al., 1987) were maintained ...
... Ci/mmol) was obtained from DuPont-New England Nuclear (Boston, MA). Conical polypropylene tubes, rubber stoppers, and centerwells for CO1 trapping assays were obtained from Fisher/Kontes (Vineland, NJ). Animals. Mice carrying a deletion mutation in the HPRT gene (Hooper et al., 1987) were maintained ...
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... The column as basic unit and defining cortical attribute has been a compelling, not to say seductive idea. Thus, “column” has persisted both conceptually and linguistically, despite significant problems in both domains. (1) “Column” is ambiguous. It can refer to smallscale minicolumns (diameter ∼50 ...
... The column as basic unit and defining cortical attribute has been a compelling, not to say seductive idea. Thus, “column” has persisted both conceptually and linguistically, despite significant problems in both domains. (1) “Column” is ambiguous. It can refer to smallscale minicolumns (diameter ∼50 ...
Gut Microbiota: A Modulator of Brain Plasticity and Cognitive
... Until recently, apart from the study of infection on brain function, the fields of neuroscience and microbiology were rarely studied together. However, progress in the field of gut microbiota and its influence on human health in disease, such as in obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, has trigger ...
... Until recently, apart from the study of infection on brain function, the fields of neuroscience and microbiology were rarely studied together. However, progress in the field of gut microbiota and its influence on human health in disease, such as in obesity and inflammatory bowel disease, has trigger ...
Regulation of neuronal survival and death by extracellular signals
... receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA (Lewin and Barde, 1996). NGF is synthesized in the target ®elds of these neurons in proportion to their innervation density during the early stages of their innervation (Harper and Davies, 1990), and is transported retrogradely from the target ®eld in signalling endoso ...
... receptor tyrosine kinase, TrkA (Lewin and Barde, 1996). NGF is synthesized in the target ®elds of these neurons in proportion to their innervation density during the early stages of their innervation (Harper and Davies, 1990), and is transported retrogradely from the target ®eld in signalling endoso ...
The Drosophila Pox neuro gene: control of male courtship behavior
... Construction of a Poxn null allele To generate a Poxn null mutation, a local hop strategy (Tower et al., 1993) was chosen by mobilizing the P element of a nearby insertion in the slit (sli) locus, sliF81 (Rothberg et al., 1990). The resulting 149 sli+ revertants, whose w+ P element had reinserted on ...
... Construction of a Poxn null allele To generate a Poxn null mutation, a local hop strategy (Tower et al., 1993) was chosen by mobilizing the P element of a nearby insertion in the slit (sli) locus, sliF81 (Rothberg et al., 1990). The resulting 149 sli+ revertants, whose w+ P element had reinserted on ...
Loss of IP receptor function in neuropeptide Drosophila
... body weights post feeding for 144 hrs as well as post starvation for 72 hrs as compared to the RNAi heterozygote control. Over-expression of itpr+ in peptidergic neurons in the mutant background rescues body weight in both fed and starved conditions as compared to the mutant. The body weights are no ...
... body weights post feeding for 144 hrs as well as post starvation for 72 hrs as compared to the RNAi heterozygote control. Over-expression of itpr+ in peptidergic neurons in the mutant background rescues body weight in both fed and starved conditions as compared to the mutant. The body weights are no ...
Circadian Plasticity of Mammalian Inhibitory Interneurons
... Many aspects of mammalian behavior and physiology show circadian rhythmicity. The circadian rhythms, with a period about a day (circa, around and dies, day), are generated by the central clock or pacemaker that in mammals is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Under day/nigh ...
... Many aspects of mammalian behavior and physiology show circadian rhythmicity. The circadian rhythms, with a period about a day (circa, around and dies, day), are generated by the central clock or pacemaker that in mammals is located in suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) of the hypothalamus. Under day/nigh ...
Spike-Wave Complexes and Fast Components of Cortically
... filled with a solution of 2.5–3 M potassium acetate (DC resistance 30–80 MV ). A high-impedance amplifier with active bridge circuitry was used to record from, and inject current into, neurons. The signals were recorded on an eight-channel tape with bandpass of 0–9 kHz and digitized at 10–20 kHz for ...
... filled with a solution of 2.5–3 M potassium acetate (DC resistance 30–80 MV ). A high-impedance amplifier with active bridge circuitry was used to record from, and inject current into, neurons. The signals were recorded on an eight-channel tape with bandpass of 0–9 kHz and digitized at 10–20 kHz for ...
Review Spectrin and calpain
... characteristic products of aII-spectrin degradation which are the effect of calpain-catalysed hydrolysis. The process is connected to synaptic changes that result in long-term potentiation and memory formation [39, 40]. By using the antibodies specific for degradation products, the calpain activity ...
... characteristic products of aII-spectrin degradation which are the effect of calpain-catalysed hydrolysis. The process is connected to synaptic changes that result in long-term potentiation and memory formation [39, 40]. By using the antibodies specific for degradation products, the calpain activity ...
Brain Function
... Neural Imaging – 2: Brain CT Scan – know what it is • Developed in 1970s (Nobel prize 1979) • Noninvasive; a radio-opaque contrast dye is usually injected ...
... Neural Imaging – 2: Brain CT Scan – know what it is • Developed in 1970s (Nobel prize 1979) • Noninvasive; a radio-opaque contrast dye is usually injected ...
Regulation of Neuroblast Cell-Cycle Kinetics Plays a Crucial Role in
... 1982; L uskin and Shatz, 1985; Miller, 1985). In the mouse, this shows that the frontoparietal areas 3, 4, and 6 have marked interareal differences in the timetables of layer formation (Polleux et al., 1997). The aim of the present study is to determine whether precursors of f uture cortical areas a ...
... 1982; L uskin and Shatz, 1985; Miller, 1985). In the mouse, this shows that the frontoparietal areas 3, 4, and 6 have marked interareal differences in the timetables of layer formation (Polleux et al., 1997). The aim of the present study is to determine whether precursors of f uture cortical areas a ...
A zebrafish model of CLN2 disease is deficient in
... cerebellum. Further neuropathological phenotypes of these mutants provide novel insights into mechanisms of pathogenesis in CLN2 disease. Secondary neurogenesis in the retina, optic tectum and cerebellum is impaired and axon tracts within the spinal cord, optic nerve and the posterior commissure are ...
... cerebellum. Further neuropathological phenotypes of these mutants provide novel insights into mechanisms of pathogenesis in CLN2 disease. Secondary neurogenesis in the retina, optic tectum and cerebellum is impaired and axon tracts within the spinal cord, optic nerve and the posterior commissure are ...
identification of central cholinergic neurons containing both choline
... studies we felt we could not be certain that the smaller profiles did not simply represent angled sections of larger neurons, since in 50- and 100~pm-thick sections of striatum we have found ChAT-positive neurons to have fairly heterogenous shapes with neurons having small diameters as short as 12 p ...
... studies we felt we could not be certain that the smaller profiles did not simply represent angled sections of larger neurons, since in 50- and 100~pm-thick sections of striatum we have found ChAT-positive neurons to have fairly heterogenous shapes with neurons having small diameters as short as 12 p ...
Understanding Circuit Dynamics Using the Stomatogastric Nervous
... in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics arise from the properties of its neurons and t ...
... in understanding how neural circuits generate behavior. Therefore, it is a particularly good time to review and critically examine what we know about the stomatogastric nervous system (STNS), one of the premier systems for analyzing how circuit dynamics arise from the properties of its neurons and t ...
Is Cell Death Primary or Secondary in the Pathophysiology of
... were found in the synaptosome-fraction that contained detached presynaptic terminals (a portion was released from synaptosomes during preparation). To confirm the presynaptic localization, the synaptosomes were disrupted by hypotonic lysis [49], and the -synuclein aggregates located inside them shi ...
... were found in the synaptosome-fraction that contained detached presynaptic terminals (a portion was released from synaptosomes during preparation). To confirm the presynaptic localization, the synaptosomes were disrupted by hypotonic lysis [49], and the -synuclein aggregates located inside them shi ...
Unusual ultrastructural findings in dendrites of pyramidal
... oriented tissue fragments from the cerebral cortex were obtained and observed under electron microscope. The most significant ultrastructural findings were located within distal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons: loss of mitochondria, disorganization and loss of microtubules, formation of vacu ...
... oriented tissue fragments from the cerebral cortex were obtained and observed under electron microscope. The most significant ultrastructural findings were located within distal dendrites of cortical pyramidal neurons: loss of mitochondria, disorganization and loss of microtubules, formation of vacu ...
What clinical disorders tell us about the neural
... Clinical studies of patients with saccadic disorders, and studies of the effects on saccades of brain lesions in animals, have led to the development of quantitative hypotheses (models) of the neural control of saccades. These models simulate normal saccades well, but are challenged by clinical diso ...
... Clinical studies of patients with saccadic disorders, and studies of the effects on saccades of brain lesions in animals, have led to the development of quantitative hypotheses (models) of the neural control of saccades. These models simulate normal saccades well, but are challenged by clinical diso ...
Structure and Function of Visual Area MT
... Of the inputs directly from V1, those from layer 4B predominate, at least numerically. After injections of retrograde tracers into macaque MT, more than 90% of the labeled V1 neurons are found in layer 4B; the remaining are found in the large cells of Meynert near the boundary of layers 5 and 6 (Tig ...
... Of the inputs directly from V1, those from layer 4B predominate, at least numerically. After injections of retrograde tracers into macaque MT, more than 90% of the labeled V1 neurons are found in layer 4B; the remaining are found in the large cells of Meynert near the boundary of layers 5 and 6 (Tig ...
How Inhibition Shapes Cortical Activity
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
... Cortical processing reflects the interplay of synaptic excitation and synaptic inhibition. Rapidly accumulating evidence is highlighting the crucial role of inhibition in shaping spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activity and thus underscores how a better knowledge of inhibitory circuits is ne ...
A Simple Biophysically Plausible Model for Long Time
... The calcium-activated nonspecific (CAN) cationic current has been demonstrated to be crucial for persistent firing in some in vitro preparations. When CAN current was blocked, or in the absence of calcium, persistent firing did not occur (Egorov et al., 2002; Tahvildari et al., 2008; Yoshida and Has ...
... The calcium-activated nonspecific (CAN) cationic current has been demonstrated to be crucial for persistent firing in some in vitro preparations. When CAN current was blocked, or in the absence of calcium, persistent firing did not occur (Egorov et al., 2002; Tahvildari et al., 2008; Yoshida and Has ...
Review Getting Formal with Dopamine and Reward
... Department of Anatomy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3DY United Kingdom ...
... Department of Anatomy University of Cambridge Cambridge CB2 3DY United Kingdom ...
BMP inhibitors and neural patterning
... protein (BMP) family (Lee and Jessell, 1999). The secretion of BMPs by the epidermal ectoderm and the roof plate is required for the induction of neural crest cells and dorsal interneurons (Basler et al., 1993; Liem et al., 1995, 1997; Lee et al., 1998, 2000; Barth et al., 1999; Nguyen et al., 2000) ...
... protein (BMP) family (Lee and Jessell, 1999). The secretion of BMPs by the epidermal ectoderm and the roof plate is required for the induction of neural crest cells and dorsal interneurons (Basler et al., 1993; Liem et al., 1995, 1997; Lee et al., 1998, 2000; Barth et al., 1999; Nguyen et al., 2000) ...
Figure and Ground in the Visual Cortex: V2 Combines Stereoscopic
... A fraction of the orientation-selective neurons in macaque area V2 signal not only the location and orientation of luminance and color edges, but also the location of the figure to which an edge “belongs” (Zhou et al., 2000). Figure 2A illustrates a V2 neuron that responds more strongly to the botto ...
... A fraction of the orientation-selective neurons in macaque area V2 signal not only the location and orientation of luminance and color edges, but also the location of the figure to which an edge “belongs” (Zhou et al., 2000). Figure 2A illustrates a V2 neuron that responds more strongly to the botto ...