![State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/003734814_1-7eadeb098f615ad1825fcec9f517886b-300x300.png)
State transitions between wake and sleep, and within the
... succeed each other in an apparently simple and well-defined manner: wake to light (stage 2) sleep to deep slow wave sleep then back to light (stage 2) sleep before entry into REM sleep or wake. As indicated later, this simplicity holds only when the data are averaged over many subjects, but it does ...
... succeed each other in an apparently simple and well-defined manner: wake to light (stage 2) sleep to deep slow wave sleep then back to light (stage 2) sleep before entry into REM sleep or wake. As indicated later, this simplicity holds only when the data are averaged over many subjects, but it does ...
NK1 receptor-expressing spinoparabrachial neurons trigger diffuse
... 0304-3959/$36.00 Ó 2009 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ...
... 0304-3959/$36.00 Ó 2009 International Association for the Study of Pain. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved. ...
Spontaneously T1-Hyperintense Lesions of the Brain on MRI: A
... cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter, venous occlusions secondary to thrombophlebitis, hypercoagulable states, dehydration, oral contraceptive usage, and tumoral encasement lead to areas of infarction that do not correspond to arterial distributions and primarily affect the subcortical ...
... cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter, venous occlusions secondary to thrombophlebitis, hypercoagulable states, dehydration, oral contraceptive usage, and tumoral encasement lead to areas of infarction that do not correspond to arterial distributions and primarily affect the subcortical ...
Kobayashi S, Kawagoe R, Takikawa Y, Koizumi M, Sakagami M
... would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison (P < 0.05, Scheffé test). If the test indicated a significant result in all the comparisons between immediately rewarded conditions (RWDA–CU ...
... would be given in a later trial. Activity with a significant interaction effect (P < 0.01) in 2-way ANOVA was further examined by post-hoc multiple comparison (P < 0.05, Scheffé test). If the test indicated a significant result in all the comparisons between immediately rewarded conditions (RWDA–CU ...
Serotonin in the inferior colliculus fluctuates with behavioral state
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
... variability in 5-HT regulatory mechanisms means that in order to determine the conditions in which 5-HT has an elevated effect on auditory processing, extracellular 5-HT must be measured directly within the auditory system. Concentrations of extracellular 5-HT in the brain are not only region-specif ...
Document
... misfolded and partially proteinase K-resistant conformation [50, 51, 71]. In addition, since some of PrPC functions are associated with anti-oxidant and/or anti-apoptotic activity, the neurological dysfunction observed in prion diseases could be due to an impairment of endogenous PrPC metabolism. Mi ...
... misfolded and partially proteinase K-resistant conformation [50, 51, 71]. In addition, since some of PrPC functions are associated with anti-oxidant and/or anti-apoptotic activity, the neurological dysfunction observed in prion diseases could be due to an impairment of endogenous PrPC metabolism. Mi ...
The dynamics of visual responses in the primary visual cortex
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
... The first model offered chronologically, and first discussed here, is the feedforward model that is descended from the pioneering work of Hubel and Wiesel (1962). The HW model has the great virtue of being explicit and calculable. It involves the addition of signals from LGN cells that are aligned in ...
Impact of prefrontal cortex in nicotine
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
... (nAChRs) in the PFC to enhance working memory and attention and Bunney, 1983; Ungless et al., 2004), we do acknowledge that there are (Levin, 1992; Granon et al., 1995; Levin et al., 2006; Counotte et al., the technical limitations in the determination of the identities of our 2011; Guillem et al., ...
Orcokinin peptides in developing and adult crustacean
... characterization of the peptides in different tissues and species allows us to determine unambiguously which of the peptides are found in the stomatogastric nervous system of each crustacean studied. Despite the extensive biochemical characterization of the orcokinins, relatively little is known of ...
... characterization of the peptides in different tissues and species allows us to determine unambiguously which of the peptides are found in the stomatogastric nervous system of each crustacean studied. Despite the extensive biochemical characterization of the orcokinins, relatively little is known of ...
INSTANTANEOUSLY TRAINED NEURAL NETWORKS WITH
... Neural network architectures based on the biological neuron model have been developed for various applications over the years. Though research in such architectures has wavered from time to time, their usefulness in many applications has ensured them a secure niche in AI research. Neural networks ar ...
... Neural network architectures based on the biological neuron model have been developed for various applications over the years. Though research in such architectures has wavered from time to time, their usefulness in many applications has ensured them a secure niche in AI research. Neural networks ar ...
Action Preparation Shapes Processing in Early Visual Cortex
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
... anatomical scan was acquired at lower field due to intensity inhomogeneities at higher field, which interfered with the flat-mapping procedure. For registration purposes, a partial volume T1 was acquired for each subject at the 7T scanner (voxel size: 0.97 ⫻ 0.97 mm; slice thickness 1 mm, 44 slices) ...
Condition interference in rats performing a choice task with switched
... We first analyzed choice preferences during the extinction phase to identify whether rats had flexible or inflexible behaviors in the variable- and fixed-reward conditions. We then assessed the interference of variable- and fixed-reward conditions in the choice behaviors. We compared conditional cho ...
... We first analyzed choice preferences during the extinction phase to identify whether rats had flexible or inflexible behaviors in the variable- and fixed-reward conditions. We then assessed the interference of variable- and fixed-reward conditions in the choice behaviors. We compared conditional cho ...
Computation with Spikes in a Winner-Take-All Network
... case of spike rate inputs that input discrimination and the effects of selfexcitation and inhibition on this discrimination are consistent with results obtained from the standard rate-based WTA models. We also extend this discrimination analysis of spiking WTAs to nonstationary inputs with time-vary ...
... case of spike rate inputs that input discrimination and the effects of selfexcitation and inhibition on this discrimination are consistent with results obtained from the standard rate-based WTA models. We also extend this discrimination analysis of spiking WTAs to nonstationary inputs with time-vary ...
glial versus neuronal uptake of glutamate
... containing predominantly granule cells showed high-affinity uptake for pK^Jglutamate with a F max of about one-third that of a glial-enriched (although heterogeneous) population. The other kinetic parameters were identical and included an unusual two-component high-affinity uptake system. A parallel ...
... containing predominantly granule cells showed high-affinity uptake for pK^Jglutamate with a F max of about one-third that of a glial-enriched (although heterogeneous) population. The other kinetic parameters were identical and included an unusual two-component high-affinity uptake system. A parallel ...
Orexins and fear: implications for the treatment of - e
... the HPC and the prelimbic portion of the mPFC (dorsomedial PFC in humans). The HPC is responsible for assembling the different components of the contextual cues into a single representation of the context [20], and transmitting this information to the AMY. On the other hand, the prelimbic portion of ...
... the HPC and the prelimbic portion of the mPFC (dorsomedial PFC in humans). The HPC is responsible for assembling the different components of the contextual cues into a single representation of the context [20], and transmitting this information to the AMY. On the other hand, the prelimbic portion of ...
as a PDF
... It is known that when water is offered to a waterdeprived animal, it will begin drinking within 3–10 min and continue until the thirst is satiated. Interestingly, the process of thirst satiation commences even before plasma osmolality is normalized; thus, even while plasma osmolality has not been co ...
... It is known that when water is offered to a waterdeprived animal, it will begin drinking within 3–10 min and continue until the thirst is satiated. Interestingly, the process of thirst satiation commences even before plasma osmolality is normalized; thus, even while plasma osmolality has not been co ...
Integration of Visual and Auditory Information by Superior Temporal
... that STS neurons that respond to the visual presentation of hands, faces, and moving objects could also respond to beeps, clicks, white noise, or voices (Bruce et al., 1981; Benevento et al., 1977). Although audiovisual interactions were not systematically studied, there was evidence for sound atten ...
... that STS neurons that respond to the visual presentation of hands, faces, and moving objects could also respond to beeps, clicks, white noise, or voices (Bruce et al., 1981; Benevento et al., 1977). Although audiovisual interactions were not systematically studied, there was evidence for sound atten ...
Cell-Type Specific Channelopathies in the Prefrontal Cortex of the
... function is down-regulated. Additionally, we find that somatic Kv1-mediated current is down-regulated, resulting in increased excitability of fmr1-/y PT neurons. Importantly, these h- and K! channel differences do not extend to neighboring intratelencephalic-projecting neurons. Thus, the absence of ...
... function is down-regulated. Additionally, we find that somatic Kv1-mediated current is down-regulated, resulting in increased excitability of fmr1-/y PT neurons. Importantly, these h- and K! channel differences do not extend to neighboring intratelencephalic-projecting neurons. Thus, the absence of ...
Multiple signalling modalities mediated by dendritic exocytosis of
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
Review. Multiple signaling modalities mediated by dendritic
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
... that in more than 60% of MCNs, axons arise from a dendrite rather than more conventionally from the soma [10,12]. These axon-bearing dendrites may not only be privileged in their ability to influence spiking initiation and overall neuronal output [13], but they could be in turn more efficiently affe ...
Functional imaging of human auditory cortex
... dorsal medial geniculate body and have cytoarchitectonic characteristics of association cortex [3,4]. Some progress has been made in understanding the role that different ACFs play in the analysis of auditory signals. However, auditory cortex is small (occupying less than 8% of the total cortical su ...
... dorsal medial geniculate body and have cytoarchitectonic characteristics of association cortex [3,4]. Some progress has been made in understanding the role that different ACFs play in the analysis of auditory signals. However, auditory cortex is small (occupying less than 8% of the total cortical su ...
Neocortical Very Fast Oscillations (Ripples, 80–200 Hz) During
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
... in Fig. 11) had this pattern, which was revealed in filtered traces. Sometimes, recordings with macroelectrodes did not show this pattern, while local field potential recorded with a micropipette or cellular recordings did (see for example Fig. 11, DC field and glial cell recordings vs. EEG). Ripple ...
Synesthetic personification
... Amin et al. (2011), synesthetes saw a grapheme such as the letter A, which for their particular synesthete is feminine. This grapheme was followed by either a female face (in congruent trials) or a male face (in incongruent trials). Participants were asked to judge whether the presented face was a f ...
... Amin et al. (2011), synesthetes saw a grapheme such as the letter A, which for their particular synesthete is feminine. This grapheme was followed by either a female face (in congruent trials) or a male face (in incongruent trials). Participants were asked to judge whether the presented face was a f ...
Ten unanswered questions in multimodal communication
... During real communication in situ, there are many factors at play. In addition to the multifaceted signal itself, the context of the signal also has a profound effect on the interaction, including the number of individuals involved and their history, as well as physical features of the surrounding e ...
... During real communication in situ, there are many factors at play. In addition to the multifaceted signal itself, the context of the signal also has a profound effect on the interaction, including the number of individuals involved and their history, as well as physical features of the surrounding e ...