HYPOTHALAMUS
... Plate 29 shows the relationship of troph-hormone producing cells to fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but ...
... Plate 29 shows the relationship of troph-hormone producing cells to fenestrated capillaries in the anterior pituitary. The magno- and parvocellular cell groups producing the hypothalamic hormones receive a variety of stimuli from different parts of the brain, primarily within the hypothalamus, but ...
Do cortical areas emerge from a protocottex?
... differs greatly in complexity between mammalian species, in all mammals it can be divided on both morphological and functional grounds into a sizeable number of 'areas 'L2. There are phylogenetic differences in neocortical parcellation which reflect the addition of higher order 'associational' areas ...
... differs greatly in complexity between mammalian species, in all mammals it can be divided on both morphological and functional grounds into a sizeable number of 'areas 'L2. There are phylogenetic differences in neocortical parcellation which reflect the addition of higher order 'associational' areas ...
Planar cell polarity signaling in neural development
... Celsr1 [17,27] have a looping tail phenotype typical of defective CE in the caudal neural tube. Fzd3 [24], double Fzd3 and Fzd6 [20], Vangl2 [25,26], double Dvl1 and Dvl2 [28] and Celsr1 [17,27] mutants have craniorachischisis. Studies in zebrafish attributed failure of neural tube closure to defe ...
... Celsr1 [17,27] have a looping tail phenotype typical of defective CE in the caudal neural tube. Fzd3 [24], double Fzd3 and Fzd6 [20], Vangl2 [25,26], double Dvl1 and Dvl2 [28] and Celsr1 [17,27] mutants have craniorachischisis. Studies in zebrafish attributed failure of neural tube closure to defe ...
Generation of Theta and Gamma Rhythms in the Hippocampus
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
... inhibition. The model also predicts a behaviorally dependent inhibition, which was confirmed experimentally using paired-pulse responses. Paired-pulse facilitation (PPF) of the population spikes in CA1 was larger during walking than immobility, mostly mediated by a cholinergic input. Spike responses ...
Synchronized Activities among Retinal Ganglion Cells in Response
... The results above were obtained by overall analyses perform on 120-s data sets. Actually synchronized activities among RGCs varied dynamically during both stimuli. In order to investigate the time-varying characteristics of correlation index, we analyzed the correlation index of pair-wise neurons by ...
... The results above were obtained by overall analyses perform on 120-s data sets. Actually synchronized activities among RGCs varied dynamically during both stimuli. In order to investigate the time-varying characteristics of correlation index, we analyzed the correlation index of pair-wise neurons by ...
chapter ppt. - Old Saybrook Public Schools
... Figure 2.2 The Double Helix of DNA. Segments of DNA are made up of genes that determine physical traits such as height, eye color, and whether pigs have wings (no, because of their genetic makeup, they don’t.) The overlap of DNA from person to person is 99.9%! Yet the difference in .1% accounts for ...
... Figure 2.2 The Double Helix of DNA. Segments of DNA are made up of genes that determine physical traits such as height, eye color, and whether pigs have wings (no, because of their genetic makeup, they don’t.) The overlap of DNA from person to person is 99.9%! Yet the difference in .1% accounts for ...
Electrical stimulation of neural tissue to evoke behavioral responses
... bodies and axons) directly according to the square of the distance between the electrode and the neuron, and that the excitability of neurons can vary between 100 and 4000 /IA/mm* using a 0.2-ms cathodal pulse duration. (2) Currents as low as IO PA. which is considered within the range of currents t ...
... bodies and axons) directly according to the square of the distance between the electrode and the neuron, and that the excitability of neurons can vary between 100 and 4000 /IA/mm* using a 0.2-ms cathodal pulse duration. (2) Currents as low as IO PA. which is considered within the range of currents t ...
Words in the Brain - Rice University -
... • Phonological, graphic, grammatical, semantic – all together in one place • In the brain – The situation is entirely different • Each word is represented as a large network • Different kinds of information in different locations • So also each phrase that is learned as a unit ...
... • Phonological, graphic, grammatical, semantic – all together in one place • In the brain – The situation is entirely different • Each word is represented as a large network • Different kinds of information in different locations • So also each phrase that is learned as a unit ...
chapt12_lecturenew
... – resemble bare branches of a tree in winter – primary site for receiving signals from other neurons – the more dendrites the neuron has, the more information it can receive and ...
... – resemble bare branches of a tree in winter – primary site for receiving signals from other neurons – the more dendrites the neuron has, the more information it can receive and ...
Embodied Cognition and Mirror Neurons
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
... activity during a task discriminating between hues of gray. Then, within these areas, they tested whether the activity during retrieval of color knowledge (e.g., TAXI = yellow) was greater than that during a control task requiring subjects to evaluate whether a particular motor property was associat ...
Design Features in Vertebrate Sensory Systems
... use directed eye movements to center a visual stimulus on the fovea or when rodents use their whiskers to sample physical objects in the environment. There are in some cases feedback projections from the central nervous system to receptors (Fig. 1). This occurs, for example, in many hair cells in th ...
... use directed eye movements to center a visual stimulus on the fovea or when rodents use their whiskers to sample physical objects in the environment. There are in some cases feedback projections from the central nervous system to receptors (Fig. 1). This occurs, for example, in many hair cells in th ...
Neuronal Clusters in the Primate Motor Cortex during Interception of
... cortical area during performance of a particular behavioral task can be quite complex and heterogeneous (e.g., Chafee & Goldman-Rakic, 1998). In the present study, since activity in the motor cortex displayed complex waveforms and varied substantially across different neurons, it was difficult to de ...
... cortical area during performance of a particular behavioral task can be quite complex and heterogeneous (e.g., Chafee & Goldman-Rakic, 1998). In the present study, since activity in the motor cortex displayed complex waveforms and varied substantially across different neurons, it was difficult to de ...
11. The Evolution of Language Systems in the Human Brain
... monkey ventral premotor and prefrontal cortex provide evidence of extensive homology of connectivity, suggesting that the circuits associated with these cortical areas were recruited for language processing during human evolution. Also cells in adjacent macaque premotor cortex that differentially fi ...
... monkey ventral premotor and prefrontal cortex provide evidence of extensive homology of connectivity, suggesting that the circuits associated with these cortical areas were recruited for language processing during human evolution. Also cells in adjacent macaque premotor cortex that differentially fi ...
Speech Science XI
... leads from the outside to the middle ear. It is a tube with a diameter of about 0.6 cm and a length of between 2.5 and 3 cm. This acts as a resonator for frequencies around 3 kHz. (they are heard as louder) • The ear drum is a membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The acoustic s ...
... leads from the outside to the middle ear. It is a tube with a diameter of about 0.6 cm and a length of between 2.5 and 3 cm. This acts as a resonator for frequencies around 3 kHz. (they are heard as louder) • The ear drum is a membrane that separates the outer ear from the middle ear. The acoustic s ...
pdf - Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center
... In the present study, we employed event-related fMRI to examine the neural response elicited commonly across the auditory and visual modalities during the processing of, and motor response to, a Go stimulus relative to an equiprobable NoGo stimulus that required no motor response. To remove the atte ...
... In the present study, we employed event-related fMRI to examine the neural response elicited commonly across the auditory and visual modalities during the processing of, and motor response to, a Go stimulus relative to an equiprobable NoGo stimulus that required no motor response. To remove the atte ...
Spontaneous default mode network phase
... Of relevance to stereotype threat, research on regions within the DMN clearly points to its role in self-oriented processing, particularly with respect to MPFC. Among other things, the MPFC plays an integral role in the maintenance of self-knowledge, self-perception, autobiographical memory retrieva ...
... Of relevance to stereotype threat, research on regions within the DMN clearly points to its role in self-oriented processing, particularly with respect to MPFC. Among other things, the MPFC plays an integral role in the maintenance of self-knowledge, self-perception, autobiographical memory retrieva ...
Role of Nitric Oxide on Dopamine Release and Morphine
... vesicles at dopaminergic terminals, leading to an increase in DA release independent of frequency of stimulations. In addition, NO may also increase the docking and fusion of cholinergic vesicles at cholinergic terminals, leading to an increase in ACh release that, as described earlier, could desens ...
... vesicles at dopaminergic terminals, leading to an increase in DA release independent of frequency of stimulations. In addition, NO may also increase the docking and fusion of cholinergic vesicles at cholinergic terminals, leading to an increase in ACh release that, as described earlier, could desens ...
Location of the polysensory zone in the precentral gyrus
... electrode was tilted 30° to the monkey’s left from the sagittal plane. In this way, the electrode was approximately normal to the cortical surface of the left hemisphere. In monkey 3, the electrode was in the sagittal plane. For this monkey, in order to plot the data, the medial-lateral positions of ...
... electrode was tilted 30° to the monkey’s left from the sagittal plane. In this way, the electrode was approximately normal to the cortical surface of the left hemisphere. In monkey 3, the electrode was in the sagittal plane. For this monkey, in order to plot the data, the medial-lateral positions of ...
Basal Ganglia Functional Connectivity Based on
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
... a specific set of motor or cognitive tasks, depending on the cortical area that belongs to it. Modifications of this model and further subdivisions of specific loops have been proposed (Fig. 1B) (Lawrence and others 1998; Nakano and others 2000). Other investigators have divided the striatum into 3 fun ...
Synapse
... consumption of cocaine and ethanol. The effects of cocaethylene on locomotor activity, stereotypy, and rearing in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. A single cocaine injection (molar equivalent of 60 µmol/kg cocaethylene, intraperitoneal) elicited a robust series of motor output behav ...
... consumption of cocaine and ethanol. The effects of cocaethylene on locomotor activity, stereotypy, and rearing in Long-Evans and Sprague-Dawley rats were compared. A single cocaine injection (molar equivalent of 60 µmol/kg cocaethylene, intraperitoneal) elicited a robust series of motor output behav ...
Chapter 21: Control and Coordination
... that unearthly noise? You turn around to find that your dog’s wagging tail has just swept the lamp off the table. Suddenly, you’re aware that your heart is racing and your hands are shaking. After a few minutes though, your breathing returns to normal and your heartbeat is back to its regular rate. ...
... that unearthly noise? You turn around to find that your dog’s wagging tail has just swept the lamp off the table. Suddenly, you’re aware that your heart is racing and your hands are shaking. After a few minutes though, your breathing returns to normal and your heartbeat is back to its regular rate. ...
The Nervous System - Learning on the Loop
... What is the function of neurotransmitters? ANSWER: Neurotransmitters cause muscles to contract or relax, cause glands to secret products, activate neurons to send nerve impulses, or inhibit neurons from sending them. ...
... What is the function of neurotransmitters? ANSWER: Neurotransmitters cause muscles to contract or relax, cause glands to secret products, activate neurons to send nerve impulses, or inhibit neurons from sending them. ...
A simulation of parahippocampal and hippocampal structures guiding spatial navigation of
... and Steward, 1983; Bi and Poo, 1998; Markram et al., 1997), with no LTP occurring at delays of 100 msec (Markram et al, 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998). In the neural simulations presented here, these time courses have been utilized explicitly as a synaptic modification function, with a duration of about 35 ...
... and Steward, 1983; Bi and Poo, 1998; Markram et al., 1997), with no LTP occurring at delays of 100 msec (Markram et al, 1997; Bi and Poo, 1998). In the neural simulations presented here, these time courses have been utilized explicitly as a synaptic modification function, with a duration of about 35 ...
PDF file
... is considered an external symbolic model of brain’s temporal behaviors but the FA uses handcrafted states and is without “internal” representations. The term “internal” means inside the network “skull”. Using action-based state equivalence and the emergent state representations, the time driven proc ...
... is considered an external symbolic model of brain’s temporal behaviors but the FA uses handcrafted states and is without “internal” representations. The term “internal” means inside the network “skull”. Using action-based state equivalence and the emergent state representations, the time driven proc ...