Sparse Coding in the Neocortex
... For example, consider a collection of 5 x 5 pixel images that each contain one block letter of the alphabet. If we looked at the histogram of any given pixel, we might discover that the pixel was on roughly half the time. However, if we were to represent these letters with templates that respond un ...
... For example, consider a collection of 5 x 5 pixel images that each contain one block letter of the alphabet. If we looked at the histogram of any given pixel, we might discover that the pixel was on roughly half the time. However, if we were to represent these letters with templates that respond un ...
An Energy Budget for Signaling in the Grey Matter of the Brain
... resting potential consuming a smaller amount (13%), and glutamate recycling using only 3%. Energy usage depends strongly on action potential rate—an increase in activity of 1 action potential/cortical neuron/s will raise oxygen consumption by 145 mL/100 g grey matter/h. The energy expended on ...
... resting potential consuming a smaller amount (13%), and glutamate recycling using only 3%. Energy usage depends strongly on action potential rate—an increase in activity of 1 action potential/cortical neuron/s will raise oxygen consumption by 145 mL/100 g grey matter/h. The energy expended on ...
Membrane Potential Fluctuations in Neural Integrator
... mechanisms play a substantial if not dominant role in the operation of these neurons. But contrary to predictions of existing neural integration network models, individual EPSPs do not appear to possess long time constants that were critical to network stability and tuning. We present numeric models ...
... mechanisms play a substantial if not dominant role in the operation of these neurons. But contrary to predictions of existing neural integration network models, individual EPSPs do not appear to possess long time constants that were critical to network stability and tuning. We present numeric models ...
Ch19 Lecture
... Learned fears can be the source of many of the so-called anxiety disorders. • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Phobias • Panic Attacks Thus, from a clinical perspective understanding how fears can be removed is very important. The process known as extinction plays a central role in fear removal. In ...
... Learned fears can be the source of many of the so-called anxiety disorders. • Post-traumatic stress disorder • Phobias • Panic Attacks Thus, from a clinical perspective understanding how fears can be removed is very important. The process known as extinction plays a central role in fear removal. In ...
Long Term Effects of Low Frequency (10 Hz)
... internal electrical losses in the coil, decreasing the TMS field strength. However, for the well-designed, rigid, MRI-compatible TMS coil used by Yau and colleagues, it is unlikely that these factors are large enough to account for the TMS coil field reduction. This hypothesis is supported by the fact ...
... internal electrical losses in the coil, decreasing the TMS field strength. However, for the well-designed, rigid, MRI-compatible TMS coil used by Yau and colleagues, it is unlikely that these factors are large enough to account for the TMS coil field reduction. This hypothesis is supported by the fact ...
Electrical Synapses between Dopaminergic Neurons of the
... held previously at ⫺60 mV) between the potential at sag peak (see Fig. 1, E) and the potential at steady state (see Fig. 1, F). Spike duration was measured between the onset of the spike and the equipotential point during the repolarization phase. Fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude was taken betw ...
... held previously at ⫺60 mV) between the potential at sag peak (see Fig. 1, E) and the potential at steady state (see Fig. 1, F). Spike duration was measured between the onset of the spike and the equipotential point during the repolarization phase. Fast afterhyperpolarization amplitude was taken betw ...
14. Assessment of the nervous system
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
Predictive, interactive multiple memory systems
... dissociations between the functions of different brain regions, for example in relation to different types of memory. While some of these dissociations can be questioned, particularly in the case of neuroimaging data, we start by assuming a ‘‘modal model’’ in which at least three different memory sy ...
... dissociations between the functions of different brain regions, for example in relation to different types of memory. While some of these dissociations can be questioned, particularly in the case of neuroimaging data, we start by assuming a ‘‘modal model’’ in which at least three different memory sy ...
Slide 1 - Elsevier Store
... in the world and enters the receptive field by virtue of the monkeys’ eye movement (center). The neuron again responds if the stimulus entering the receptive field is rendered salient by flashing it on and off on each trial (before it enters the receptive field). In each panel, rasters show the time ...
... in the world and enters the receptive field by virtue of the monkeys’ eye movement (center). The neuron again responds if the stimulus entering the receptive field is rendered salient by flashing it on and off on each trial (before it enters the receptive field). In each panel, rasters show the time ...
Linking Neural Activity to Visual Perception: Separating Sensory and
... that the recorded spikes contributed to the subject’s performance. The response of an example neuron – recorded from a monkey performing the motion detection task – is shown in Figure 3B. Each spike is represented as a black tick mark, and each row of ticks is the neuron’s response on one trial. Tri ...
... that the recorded spikes contributed to the subject’s performance. The response of an example neuron – recorded from a monkey performing the motion detection task – is shown in Figure 3B. Each spike is represented as a black tick mark, and each row of ticks is the neuron’s response on one trial. Tri ...
tractus corticomuscularis
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
... different physiological processes. That means that nervous system unites, integrates and subordinates all the parts of human body and provides its connection with environment ...
Preview Sample 1
... A. Brain lesioning B. Staining C. Positron emission tomography (PET) D. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: application Difficulty Level: moderate Feedback: page 51 Learning goals: structures of the brain and their functions 46. Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by ...
... A. Brain lesioning B. Staining C. Positron emission tomography (PET) D. Electroencephalogram (EEG) Answer: B Bloom’s Taxonomy: application Difficulty Level: moderate Feedback: page 51 Learning goals: structures of the brain and their functions 46. Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by ...
Sensory modalities are not separate modalities: plasticity and
... animals interpreted the activation of the rewired auditory cortex as visual sensation, indicating a functional relevance of the rewiring. There is also evidence for a cross-modal postnatal perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulation. When bobwhite quail chicks were prenatally exposed to a ...
... animals interpreted the activation of the rewired auditory cortex as visual sensation, indicating a functional relevance of the rewiring. There is also evidence for a cross-modal postnatal perceptual enhancement by prenatal sensory stimulation. When bobwhite quail chicks were prenatally exposed to a ...
Sequencing by Synthesis
... 260 SNCs result in amino acid change, 72 affect splicing patterns, 35 affect transcription Among 23 most conserved changes in modern human populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neurotransmission) ...
... 260 SNCs result in amino acid change, 72 affect splicing patterns, 35 affect transcription Among 23 most conserved changes in modern human populations, eight affect brain function or nervous system function (cell adhesion, energy metabolism, microtubule assembly, neurotransmission) ...
Interactions Between Premotor and Motor Cortices in Non
... areas in the posterior parietal cortex, but that these inputs terminated further forward in a number of premotor areas, including the ventral (PMv) and dorsal (PMd) premotor areas and the SMA. This early paper suggested that projections from these areas back into M1 might then allow vision to guide ...
... areas in the posterior parietal cortex, but that these inputs terminated further forward in a number of premotor areas, including the ventral (PMv) and dorsal (PMd) premotor areas and the SMA. This early paper suggested that projections from these areas back into M1 might then allow vision to guide ...
Leech Heart CPG
... Fig 7. From Masino, 2002b. A. Recoupled G3-G4 phase relationships vs. the differences in inherent cycle period between the G3 and G4 SO’s. Inherent period differences between the uncoupled segmental oscillators predict the coupled and recoupled G3 to G4 phase differences. The inherently faster uncou ...
... Fig 7. From Masino, 2002b. A. Recoupled G3-G4 phase relationships vs. the differences in inherent cycle period between the G3 and G4 SO’s. Inherent period differences between the uncoupled segmental oscillators predict the coupled and recoupled G3 to G4 phase differences. The inherently faster uncou ...
Rethinking Language, Mind, and World Dialogically: Interactional
... independent of other disciplines. As with speciation in nature, cross breeding between the disciplines has become difficult. The concept of communicative activity types binds back together language use (linguistics) with joint activity (social psychology), mind (psychology) and socio-cultural insti ...
... independent of other disciplines. As with speciation in nature, cross breeding between the disciplines has become difficult. The concept of communicative activity types binds back together language use (linguistics) with joint activity (social psychology), mind (psychology) and socio-cultural insti ...
~ Pergamon
... *Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA tDepartment of Health Science, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, #431, Boston MA, 02215, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and New England Regional Prima ...
... *Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA tDepartment of Health Science, Boston University, 635 Commonwealth Avenue, #431, Boston MA, 02215, and Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, and New England Regional Prima ...
Cortical sensorimotor alterations classify clinical phenotype and
... by decreased availability of D2/D3 receptors and abnormal release of endogenous dopamine during symptomatic and asymptomatic tasks [13]. However, despite the considerable progress made in mapping brain alterations in SD, our understanding of the interplay between disorder etiology and pathophysiolog ...
... by decreased availability of D2/D3 receptors and abnormal release of endogenous dopamine during symptomatic and asymptomatic tasks [13]. However, despite the considerable progress made in mapping brain alterations in SD, our understanding of the interplay between disorder etiology and pathophysiolog ...
Central neural control of the cardiovascular system
... Apart from physical exercise, coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory mechanisms regulate the O2 supply to all tissue during other behaviors, such as defensive behavior or sleep. In addition, such regulatory mechanisms are also required to maintain homeostasis in the face of challenges such as hy ...
... Apart from physical exercise, coordinated cardiovascular and respiratory mechanisms regulate the O2 supply to all tissue during other behaviors, such as defensive behavior or sleep. In addition, such regulatory mechanisms are also required to maintain homeostasis in the face of challenges such as hy ...
(2006) A cognitive signal for the proactive timing of action in
... directly, we plotted the proactive responses of single neurons grouped by the time of lever press (Fig. 4e–h). For each cell we then extracted the time points at which neuronal activity crossed a threshold line drawn through the data, and regressed the threshold-crossing times against the correspond ...
... directly, we plotted the proactive responses of single neurons grouped by the time of lever press (Fig. 4e–h). For each cell we then extracted the time points at which neuronal activity crossed a threshold line drawn through the data, and regressed the threshold-crossing times against the correspond ...
Complementary roles of basal ganglia and cerebellum in learning
... complex spikes in arm-reaching movement in monkeys. The results showed that complex spike firing carries information about the target direction in the early phase of the movement, whereas it carries information about the end-point error near the end of the movement. The coding of end-point error is ...
... complex spikes in arm-reaching movement in monkeys. The results showed that complex spike firing carries information about the target direction in the early phase of the movement, whereas it carries information about the end-point error near the end of the movement. The coding of end-point error is ...
Associative learning signals in the brain
... changing cells in the monkey hippocampus, but they did not observe baseline sustained-type cells. Instead, they described another population of hippocampal learning-related cells that only showed differential activity to the two visual stimuli transiently, near the time of learning before returning ...
... changing cells in the monkey hippocampus, but they did not observe baseline sustained-type cells. Instead, they described another population of hippocampal learning-related cells that only showed differential activity to the two visual stimuli transiently, near the time of learning before returning ...
A Review of Cell Assemblies by Huyck and
... a range of likely CA sizes in terms of potentially constituent neurons, as being 103 to 107 neurons per CA. At the lower end of the range, we suggest CAs are more likely to be atomic1 , whereas at the upper end of the range we imagine super-CAs composed of many sub-CAs at many levels, e.g. one might ...
... a range of likely CA sizes in terms of potentially constituent neurons, as being 103 to 107 neurons per CA. At the lower end of the range, we suggest CAs are more likely to be atomic1 , whereas at the upper end of the range we imagine super-CAs composed of many sub-CAs at many levels, e.g. one might ...
Basal Ganglia: Mechanisms for Action Selection
... diffuse, projecting across neighboring channels and providing diffuse excitatory input. The result is an off-center, onsurround network in SNr/GPi, where the strongest signal from among the striatal populations is able to inhibit the firing of its target SNr/GPi population, while at the same time th ...
... diffuse, projecting across neighboring channels and providing diffuse excitatory input. The result is an off-center, onsurround network in SNr/GPi, where the strongest signal from among the striatal populations is able to inhibit the firing of its target SNr/GPi population, while at the same time th ...