Integrative neurobiology of energy homeostasis
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
... inactivation or selective expression of the insulin receptor in defined tissues and cell types have lead to a better understanding of the integration between peripheral and central insulin action. However, as exemplified by the studies of conventional NPY and AgRP-knockout mice, interpretation of resu ...
Clones in the chick diencephalon contain multiple
... the major integration and projection region to the cerebral cortex from more caudal structures, including the spinal cord, cerebellum, hindbrain and midbrain (Jones, 1985). The neurons of the thalamic nuclei project to different cortical areas with many thalamic nuclei projecting to overlapping cort ...
... the major integration and projection region to the cerebral cortex from more caudal structures, including the spinal cord, cerebellum, hindbrain and midbrain (Jones, 1985). The neurons of the thalamic nuclei project to different cortical areas with many thalamic nuclei projecting to overlapping cort ...
Emergence of Mirror Neurons in a Model of Gaze Following
... sophisticated mirror system could be innate, in the sense of a detailed pre-specified connection pattern for every neuron. Rather, we believe that learning processes must play an important role in the formation of the mirror system and below we will demonstrate how such a learning process might occu ...
... sophisticated mirror system could be innate, in the sense of a detailed pre-specified connection pattern for every neuron. Rather, we believe that learning processes must play an important role in the formation of the mirror system and below we will demonstrate how such a learning process might occu ...
Expression and functional analysis of the development of
... positions is a fundamental process during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). CNS development begins with the induction of neural cells in the ectoderm of the early embryo by a combination of signals that emanate from the gastrula organizer. These neuroectodermal cells form the neur ...
... positions is a fundamental process during the development of the central nervous system (CNS). CNS development begins with the induction of neural cells in the ectoderm of the early embryo by a combination of signals that emanate from the gastrula organizer. These neuroectodermal cells form the neur ...
Spatial distribution and characterization of non
... thalamus of chick, frog and turtle embryos [21–23]. In zebrafish embryos, NAP populations have been found in the retina [24 –26] and also in a region of the CNS with more restricted growth—the spinal cord [27]. This work on zebrafish spinal cord revealed that Vsx1-expressing NAPs divide asymmetrical ...
... thalamus of chick, frog and turtle embryos [21–23]. In zebrafish embryos, NAP populations have been found in the retina [24 –26] and also in a region of the CNS with more restricted growth—the spinal cord [27]. This work on zebrafish spinal cord revealed that Vsx1-expressing NAPs divide asymmetrical ...
Weber et al. - 2000
... PURPOSE. To examine the effects that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a glaucoma risk factor, has on the size, density, and number of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). METHODS. The monkey model of experimental glaucoma was combined with standard histologic staining and ana ...
... PURPOSE. To examine the effects that elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), a glaucoma risk factor, has on the size, density, and number of neurons in the primate lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN). METHODS. The monkey model of experimental glaucoma was combined with standard histologic staining and ana ...
Espasticidad,!!nuevos!conceptos!fisiológicos!y!patofisiológicos
... For) many) years,) little) information) had) been) known) about) uncrossed)pyramidal)tract.)Nonetheless,)these)fibers)have)been) shown) to) terminate) in) the) intermediate) zone) and) the) ventral) horn) (Lacroix,) Havton,) Mckay,) Yang,) Brant) &) Roberts,) 2004)) within)spinal)cord)regions,)where ...
... For) many) years,) little) information) had) been) known) about) uncrossed)pyramidal)tract.)Nonetheless,)these)fibers)have)been) shown) to) terminate) in) the) intermediate) zone) and) the) ventral) horn) (Lacroix,) Havton,) Mckay,) Yang,) Brant) &) Roberts,) 2004)) within)spinal)cord)regions,)where ...
Stereotyped connectivity and computations in higher
... In the first brain relay of the olfactory system, odors are encoded by combinations of glomeruli, but it is not known how glomerular signals are ultimately integrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of glomerular projections target the lateral horn. Here we show that lateral horn neurons ( ...
... In the first brain relay of the olfactory system, odors are encoded by combinations of glomeruli, but it is not known how glomerular signals are ultimately integrated. In Drosophila melanogaster, the majority of glomerular projections target the lateral horn. Here we show that lateral horn neurons ( ...
Dendritic Morphology of Pyramidal Neurons in the
... critical to determine what features of pyramidal neuron morphology in humans have been uniquely modified in evolution since the last common ancestor shared with great apes. In the current study, we used rapid Golgi staining to quantify differences in the neuromorphology of supragranular pyramidal neu ...
... critical to determine what features of pyramidal neuron morphology in humans have been uniquely modified in evolution since the last common ancestor shared with great apes. In the current study, we used rapid Golgi staining to quantify differences in the neuromorphology of supragranular pyramidal neu ...
specification of synaptic connections mediating the simple stretch
... spindle afferent fibres supplying the triceps brachii muscles in the bullfrog establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their ...
... spindle afferent fibres supplying the triceps brachii muscles in the bullfrog establish monosynaptic connections with triceps, but not pectoral or subscapular, motoneurones during the same developmental period as afferent fibres supplying these other, non-triceps muscles make connections with their ...
Consciousness, biology and quantum hypotheses
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
... However, the structural connectivity of the C-T system is not enough, since moment-to-moment brain functions require dynamic flows of signal traffic among many brain regions, perhaps at multiple spatial and temporal scales. Based on a large number of animal studies, Steriade proposed that “The cereb ...
Action Potential Riddle Quiz
... I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. ...
... I’m the ion that starts it all at the presynaptic ending!!! As soon as my channel opens, I diffuse into the axon terminal. I tell the synaptic vesicles to head toward the cell membrane to let their contents into the synapse through exocytosis so the message can be passed to the next neuron. ...
Running Improves Pattern Separation during Novel Object
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
... molecular layer. As a consequence there might be a 4times larger chance for the formation of new synapses of young cells with axon terminals projecting from the entorhinal cortex. Taken together, the data not only show that the animals make use of running wheels, leading to the well-known increase i ...
The Representation of Biological Classes in the Human Brain
... distinctions— e.g., faces versus bodies, or animals versus artifacts—leaving unknown the neural underpinnings of fine-grained category structure within these large domains. Here we use fMRI to explore brain activity for a set of categories within the animate domain, including six animal species—two ...
... distinctions— e.g., faces versus bodies, or animals versus artifacts—leaving unknown the neural underpinnings of fine-grained category structure within these large domains. Here we use fMRI to explore brain activity for a set of categories within the animate domain, including six animal species—two ...
Move to the rhythm: oscillations in the subthalamic nucleus–external
... from the GPe and acts at GABAA receptors. In vitro patch recordings of STN neurons, using the perforated configuration to maintain the natural intracellular concentration of Cl− (the principal permeant ion of the GABAA receptor), have revealed that the equilibrium potential of GABAA receptormediated ...
... from the GPe and acts at GABAA receptors. In vitro patch recordings of STN neurons, using the perforated configuration to maintain the natural intracellular concentration of Cl− (the principal permeant ion of the GABAA receptor), have revealed that the equilibrium potential of GABAA receptormediated ...
Neuronal Processing of Chemical Information in Crustaceans Chapter 7
... both types of receptor neurons mainly respond to small water-soluble molecules such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory l ...
... both types of receptor neurons mainly respond to small water-soluble molecules such as amino acids. The dichotomy in sensilla structure is reflected in the organization of the associated CNS pathways. Olfactory receptor neurons selectively innervate a synaptic region in the midbrain, the olfactory l ...
Neuromodulation of in Layer II Medial Entorhinal Cortex I
... tail current and a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation, whereas upregulation of cAMP through application of forskolin produces a significant increase in the Ih amplitude and a depolarizing shift in Ih activation curve. In addition, there was evidence of differential modulation of Ih along the do ...
... tail current and a hyperpolarizing shift in the activation, whereas upregulation of cAMP through application of forskolin produces a significant increase in the Ih amplitude and a depolarizing shift in Ih activation curve. In addition, there was evidence of differential modulation of Ih along the do ...
A Confocal Laser Microscopic Study of Enkephalin
... activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have a net excitatory effect on dorsal horn nociceptive transmission (Heinricher et al., 1989; Bederson et al., 1990). A third class of RVM neurons, neutral cells, do not respond to noxious periphera ...
... activated during periods of increased responsiveness to noxious stimuli, evidence that these neurons have a net excitatory effect on dorsal horn nociceptive transmission (Heinricher et al., 1989; Bederson et al., 1990). A third class of RVM neurons, neutral cells, do not respond to noxious periphera ...
The subtle body: an interoceptive map of central nervous system
... white, masculine waking drops, thought to support the waking state, higher intelligence, conscience, and self-regulation. The second hub, referred to as the thousandfold great bliss hub (māhāsukha-cakra; yoga system: sahasra), is located at the crown, where it is entwined by each of the two polar ...
... white, masculine waking drops, thought to support the waking state, higher intelligence, conscience, and self-regulation. The second hub, referred to as the thousandfold great bliss hub (māhāsukha-cakra; yoga system: sahasra), is located at the crown, where it is entwined by each of the two polar ...
Rapid Changes in Synaptic Vesicle Cytochemistry
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
... ABstrAct Sympathetic neurons taken from rat superior cervical ganglia and grown in culture acquire cholinergic function under certain conditions. These cholinergic sympathetic neurons, however, retain a number of adrenergic properties, including the enzymes involved in the synthesis of norepinephrin ...
ORGANIZATION OF NEUROPIL
... The term neuropil, however, has beef, used in different ways by a number of authors, and is not a precisely defined concept (see Herrick, 1948; Dempsey and Luse, 1958; Friede, 1960). Classically it is an anatomical term referring to regions of the central nervous system composed of tangles or meshwo ...
... The term neuropil, however, has beef, used in different ways by a number of authors, and is not a precisely defined concept (see Herrick, 1948; Dempsey and Luse, 1958; Friede, 1960). Classically it is an anatomical term referring to regions of the central nervous system composed of tangles or meshwo ...
Neural Mechanisms of Addiction
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
... It therefore remains essential to relate findings in animals to clinical observations and to human biology. Early efforts with human brain imaging represent a promising step in this process. A great deal is known about the initial interactions of addictive drugs with the nervous system. For example, ...
Mutation of UL24 impedes the dissemination of acute herpes
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
... Herpes simplex virus 1 (human herpesvirus 1) initially infects epithelial cells of the mucosa and then goes on to infect sensory neurons leading ultimately to a latent infection in trigeminal ganglia (TG). UL24 is a core herpesvirus gene that has been identified as a determinant of pathogenesis in s ...
Excitatory Cerebellar Nucleocortical Circuit Provides Internal
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
... et al., 1999; Mostofi et al., 2010), we observed that nucleocortical MFs of these animals were found predominantly in regions negative for Zebrin II, including the trough of the lobule simplex (Figures 3A–3C). More specifically, we observed that 90.5% (±3.3%), 88.5% (±6.2%), and 93.7% (±2.8%) of the ...
Neural correlates of attention in primate visual cortex
... The senses of humans and other highly evolved animals are an evolutionary success story. In the visual system of primates, as many as 1.5 million axons exit the retina, supplying a wealth of detailed information about the visual environment. Yet at any given moment, much of this information is behav ...
... The senses of humans and other highly evolved animals are an evolutionary success story. In the visual system of primates, as many as 1.5 million axons exit the retina, supplying a wealth of detailed information about the visual environment. Yet at any given moment, much of this information is behav ...