NS_olfaction
... The vomeronasal receptors project to a separate “accessory olfactory bulb” via a separate “accessory olfactory nerve” Organization of the AOB is similar to that of the MOB. Outputs are different: the AOB output target only ...
... The vomeronasal receptors project to a separate “accessory olfactory bulb” via a separate “accessory olfactory nerve” Organization of the AOB is similar to that of the MOB. Outputs are different: the AOB output target only ...
Multi-item Memory in the Primate Prefrontal Cortex
... problem of storing multiple short-term memories might be solved. There is now an abundance of evidence that single items are represented in PFC activity by a rate code (Fuster and Alexander, 1971; Kubota and Niki, 1971; Fuster, 1973; Funahashi et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1996). What about multiple ...
... problem of storing multiple short-term memories might be solved. There is now an abundance of evidence that single items are represented in PFC activity by a rate code (Fuster and Alexander, 1971; Kubota and Niki, 1971; Fuster, 1973; Funahashi et al., 1989; Miller et al., 1996). What about multiple ...
The Diversity of Cortical Interneurons
... morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics, even though they are a minor population (~20%) in the cortex. Although interneurons are a heterogeneous group of neuronal cells, they often have common features that distinguish them from excitatory pyramidal neurons. These include aspiny d ...
... morphological, physiological and molecular characteristics, even though they are a minor population (~20%) in the cortex. Although interneurons are a heterogeneous group of neuronal cells, they often have common features that distinguish them from excitatory pyramidal neurons. These include aspiny d ...
Long, intrinsic horizontal axons radiating through and beyond rat
... The spread of evoked local field potential outside of the barrel field in rats was disrupted by transection of cortical gray matter between the whisker barrel displaying peakevoked activity and the recording sites, suggesting that the underlying anatomical connection involved shallow axons or axon c ...
... The spread of evoked local field potential outside of the barrel field in rats was disrupted by transection of cortical gray matter between the whisker barrel displaying peakevoked activity and the recording sites, suggesting that the underlying anatomical connection involved shallow axons or axon c ...
Dopamine: generalization and bonuses
... the simple Pavlovian case that a stimulus is shown around time t0 ¼ 1 in a trial, the reward is provided during a small time interval around time 2, and the sum total amount of reward presented is about 2 units. Before learning (left plots), wðsÞ ¼ 0 and so vðtÞ ¼ 0 for all t, and so dðtÞ ¼ rðtÞ: On ...
... the simple Pavlovian case that a stimulus is shown around time t0 ¼ 1 in a trial, the reward is provided during a small time interval around time 2, and the sum total amount of reward presented is about 2 units. Before learning (left plots), wðsÞ ¼ 0 and so vðtÞ ¼ 0 for all t, and so dðtÞ ¼ rðtÞ: On ...
Emotional and Behavioral Correlates of Mediodorsal Thalamic
... two screws to serve as a ground. Two bipolar electrodes for intracranial stimulation were implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (anterior, 25.2 from bregma; lateral, 60.8; ventral, 8.2), according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986). After the cut end of the temporal muscle was covered with ...
... two screws to serve as a ground. Two bipolar electrodes for intracranial stimulation were implanted in the medial forebrain bundle (anterior, 25.2 from bregma; lateral, 60.8; ventral, 8.2), according to the atlas of Paxinos and Watson (1986). After the cut end of the temporal muscle was covered with ...
Canty, J Neurosci 2009 - Carlos Ibanez Lab @ KI
... generate PV ⫹ interneurons (Flames et al., 2007). These advances, however, have only explained a small fraction of the diversity that is known to be present among mature cortical interneurons. In addition to transcription factors, a number of extrinsic cues can influence the development of GABAergic ...
... generate PV ⫹ interneurons (Flames et al., 2007). These advances, however, have only explained a small fraction of the diversity that is known to be present among mature cortical interneurons. In addition to transcription factors, a number of extrinsic cues can influence the development of GABAergic ...
Spemann-Mangold Organizer - The Embryo Project Encyclopedia
... organizer [6] experiment. Spemann transplanted the blastopore [19] lip from one newt gastrula [22] into another, and noticed a second notochord [23] that developed at the site of transplantation. However, the newts were of the same species and it was difficult to determine whether the host tissue or ...
... organizer [6] experiment. Spemann transplanted the blastopore [19] lip from one newt gastrula [22] into another, and noticed a second notochord [23] that developed at the site of transplantation. However, the newts were of the same species and it was difficult to determine whether the host tissue or ...
Brain Facts: A Primer On The Brain And Nervous System
... neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron commu- ...
... neurons. Synapses are the contact points where one neuron commu- ...
Mammalian Models of CNS Regeneration - Wiley-VCH
... experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic stimuli (Berry et al., 1996; Logan et al., 2006) and inflammation (Leon et al., 2000; Lorber et al., 2005) on the vigor of axonal regeneration within CNS tissue. Y ...
... experienced operator, with little chance of axonal sparing. This has allowed major discoveries to be made on the influence of neurotrophic stimuli (Berry et al., 1996; Logan et al., 2006) and inflammation (Leon et al., 2000; Lorber et al., 2005) on the vigor of axonal regeneration within CNS tissue. Y ...
Contextual Modulation of Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Neurons
... and modulations were absent for spontaneous saccades. These results and other recent work on the basal ganglia suggest that some saccaderelated signals in the SNr may be influenced by the reinforcement associated with a particular saccadic eye movement. ...
... and modulations were absent for spontaneous saccades. These results and other recent work on the basal ganglia suggest that some saccaderelated signals in the SNr may be influenced by the reinforcement associated with a particular saccadic eye movement. ...
Hypothalamic pathways linking energy balance and reproduction
... Mice and humans lacking leptin (ob/ob mice) or the leptin receptor (db/db mice) develop hyperphagic morbid obesity and insulin resistant diabetes (22). Moreover, sufficient levels of leptin are a prerequisite for successful reproduction. Leptin administration blunts the fasting-induced suppression o ...
... Mice and humans lacking leptin (ob/ob mice) or the leptin receptor (db/db mice) develop hyperphagic morbid obesity and insulin resistant diabetes (22). Moreover, sufficient levels of leptin are a prerequisite for successful reproduction. Leptin administration blunts the fasting-induced suppression o ...
Prosjektoppgave - Mirror neurons_ver4.2
... that if the observation of the experimenter's actions would trigger some comparable movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey wo ...
... that if the observation of the experimenter's actions would trigger some comparable movement in the monkey's F5 region, it should also activate the neurons in the F1 region that control them. None of the neurons showed any activity during the observation phase (3). Furthermore, because the monkey wo ...
V1 mechanisms underlying chromatic contrast detection
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
... (Graham 1977; Sachs et al. 1971). We asked whether signals measured in V1 at a psychophysical detection threshold (PT) are consistent with the cardinal mechanisms model. Although V1 neurons are not tuned to the cardinal color directions when tested with high-contrast stimuli (Horwitz et al. 2007; Jo ...
psychology 2
... The pain from the burning heat of the candle flame stimulates the afferent nerve fibers, which carry the message up to the interneurons in the middle of the spinal cord. The interneurons then send a message out by means of the efferent nerve fibers, causing the hand to jerk away from the flame. ...
... The pain from the burning heat of the candle flame stimulates the afferent nerve fibers, which carry the message up to the interneurons in the middle of the spinal cord. The interneurons then send a message out by means of the efferent nerve fibers, causing the hand to jerk away from the flame. ...
Prefrontal Cortex, Emotion, and Approach/Withdrawal Motivation
... regarding the role of prefrontal cortex, along with some other critical brain regions, in emotion and motivation. Seemingly contradictory findings have often appeared in this literature. Research attempting to resolve these contradictions has been the basis of new areas of growth and has led to more ...
... regarding the role of prefrontal cortex, along with some other critical brain regions, in emotion and motivation. Seemingly contradictory findings have often appeared in this literature. Research attempting to resolve these contradictions has been the basis of new areas of growth and has led to more ...
The distributed human neural system for face perception
... the lateral fusiform gyrus. Some sites, however, were lateral to the fusiform gyrus, in the inferior temporal or inferior occipital gyri. The lateral temporal sites were over the posterior middle temporal gyrus, very near the location of the face-responsive region in the posterior superior temporal ...
... the lateral fusiform gyrus. Some sites, however, were lateral to the fusiform gyrus, in the inferior temporal or inferior occipital gyri. The lateral temporal sites were over the posterior middle temporal gyrus, very near the location of the face-responsive region in the posterior superior temporal ...
Chapter 18: Control and Coordination
... impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical. This chemical flows across the synapse and stimulates the impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron. An impulse moves from neuron to neuron just like a baton moves from runner to runner in a relay race. The baton represents the chemi ...
... impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical. This chemical flows across the synapse and stimulates the impulse in the dendrite of the next neuron. An impulse moves from neuron to neuron just like a baton moves from runner to runner in a relay race. The baton represents the chemi ...
During Arm-Reaching and Isometric-Force Tasks
... orientations, output forces, and muscle activity. To achieve that control, it is reasonable to presume that neuronal representations of these different movement attributes should exist in one form or another within the distributed arm motor control system. The primary motor cortex (M1) and area 5 of ...
... orientations, output forces, and muscle activity. To achieve that control, it is reasonable to presume that neuronal representations of these different movement attributes should exist in one form or another within the distributed arm motor control system. The primary motor cortex (M1) and area 5 of ...
Organization of Cytoskeletal Elements and Organelles Preceding
... and begin to depolymerize during telophase. Just before the onset of its division, the PMC's centrosomes are located on the apical side of its nucleus (Fig. 1 C), at the base of a process which extends to the apical surface of the epithelium. During mitosis, using the antisera Nos. 32 and 40, centro ...
... and begin to depolymerize during telophase. Just before the onset of its division, the PMC's centrosomes are located on the apical side of its nucleus (Fig. 1 C), at the base of a process which extends to the apical surface of the epithelium. During mitosis, using the antisera Nos. 32 and 40, centro ...
Structure-function relationship in hierarchical model of brain networks
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...
... were examined. However, neural networks display several levels of topological organization that are not well-accounted for by such typical network models [105]. In addition, the oscillatory dynamics of neurons cannot be sufficiently described by low-dimensional oscillators, and synchronization behav ...