The functional approach to agricultural landscape analysis. The
... Landscape has also a subjective component, more connected with the observer and his impression (Nassauer 1997; Palang and Fry 2003), and the holistic understanding of the landscape includes thus also the perceptive aspect (Antrop 1999). ...
... Landscape has also a subjective component, more connected with the observer and his impression (Nassauer 1997; Palang and Fry 2003), and the holistic understanding of the landscape includes thus also the perceptive aspect (Antrop 1999). ...
The Network Structure of Food Webs
... Early collections of food webs provided, for better and for worse, empirical fodder for the complexity-stability debate. For several decades leading up to the 1970s, a dominant ecological paradigm was that complex communities are more stable than simple ones (Odum 1953; MacArthur 1955; Elton 1958; H ...
... Early collections of food webs provided, for better and for worse, empirical fodder for the complexity-stability debate. For several decades leading up to the 1970s, a dominant ecological paradigm was that complex communities are more stable than simple ones (Odum 1953; MacArthur 1955; Elton 1958; H ...
Exploring indirect effects of biological invasions on native ecosystems
... factors in global environmental change (Wilcove et al. 1998, Theoharides and Dukes 2007). Most biological invasions are detrimental, costing billions of dollars in repair and eradication (Pimentel et al. 2000) and causing unanticipated effects on native ecosystems (Elton 1958, Bazzaz 1984). A signif ...
... factors in global environmental change (Wilcove et al. 1998, Theoharides and Dukes 2007). Most biological invasions are detrimental, costing billions of dollars in repair and eradication (Pimentel et al. 2000) and causing unanticipated effects on native ecosystems (Elton 1958, Bazzaz 1984). A signif ...
environmental filtering of enzymatic activities
... Symbiotic structure linking soil filamentous fungi to short roots of most trees, including oaks, and involving diverse Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (Courty et al. 2010; van der Heijden et al. 2015). Their morpho-anatomy is variable, especially in the extension of the hyphal network surrounding root t ...
... Symbiotic structure linking soil filamentous fungi to short roots of most trees, including oaks, and involving diverse Basidiomycota and Ascomycota (Courty et al. 2010; van der Heijden et al. 2015). Their morpho-anatomy is variable, especially in the extension of the hyphal network surrounding root t ...
Word - 154 KB - Department of the Environment
... g) Juvenile (i.e. post-metamorphosis from tadpole stage) and adult cane toads breathe atmospheric air. Larval stages (tadpoles) are fully aquatic (Lever 2001). h) Habitat requirements: B. marinus is essentially an inland species and breeds mostly in fresh water (Neill 1958). However, it is also foun ...
... g) Juvenile (i.e. post-metamorphosis from tadpole stage) and adult cane toads breathe atmospheric air. Larval stages (tadpoles) are fully aquatic (Lever 2001). h) Habitat requirements: B. marinus is essentially an inland species and breeds mostly in fresh water (Neill 1958). However, it is also foun ...
indirect effects of large herbivores on snakes in an african savanna
... and functioning of ecological communities (Power et al. 1996). Direct effects of these species on their prey, predator, or competitor species are relatively apparent, but in most cases constitute only a portion of their total effect on community dynamics. Indirect effects are also essential componen ...
... and functioning of ecological communities (Power et al. 1996). Direct effects of these species on their prey, predator, or competitor species are relatively apparent, but in most cases constitute only a portion of their total effect on community dynamics. Indirect effects are also essential componen ...
Variation in marine benthic community composition allows discrimination of multiple stressors
... al. 1999), does not distinguish impacts caused by specific chemicals or chemical classes, or by combinations of chemicals. Here we present the results of a manipulative experiment conducted in Antarctica used to test whether the patterns of community response are so predictable as to provide a relia ...
... al. 1999), does not distinguish impacts caused by specific chemicals or chemical classes, or by combinations of chemicals. Here we present the results of a manipulative experiment conducted in Antarctica used to test whether the patterns of community response are so predictable as to provide a relia ...
Evolutionary Conservation Biology
... longer afford to ignore them. To tackle this challenge, currently disparate areas of conservation biology ought to be integrated into a unified framework. Bringing together conservation genetics, demography, and ecology, this book introduces evolutionary conservation biology as an integrative approa ...
... longer afford to ignore them. To tackle this challenge, currently disparate areas of conservation biology ought to be integrated into a unified framework. Bringing together conservation genetics, demography, and ecology, this book introduces evolutionary conservation biology as an integrative approa ...
Ocinebrellus inornatus_Duckwall_2009
... possible in summer months. Although warmer temperatures are preferred, O. inornatus has been observed to have a very high tolerance of cold temperatures. Faase and Ligthart (2009) reported O. inornatus surviving temperatures of 0-1 ºC during in a cold spell in the Netherlands. Like many other oyster ...
... possible in summer months. Although warmer temperatures are preferred, O. inornatus has been observed to have a very high tolerance of cold temperatures. Faase and Ligthart (2009) reported O. inornatus surviving temperatures of 0-1 ºC during in a cold spell in the Netherlands. Like many other oyster ...
Vulnerability of Habitats and Priority Species
... and increase levels and frequency of drought stress for plant communities and aquatic systems. Increasing temperatures may allow wildlife parasites such as Winter Moose Tick (Dermacentor albipictus) and forest pests such as Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) to become more prevalent, stressing n ...
... and increase levels and frequency of drought stress for plant communities and aquatic systems. Increasing temperatures may allow wildlife parasites such as Winter Moose Tick (Dermacentor albipictus) and forest pests such as Hemlock Wooly Adelgid (Adelges tsugae) to become more prevalent, stressing n ...
Response Diversity Can Increase Ecological Resilience to
... (i.e., for each of the resistant or resilient coral considered separately) because alternative stable states are necessary for the effect of community composition on ecological resilience to be relevant (see Fung et al. 2011 for an exploration of the parameter range where alternative stable states o ...
... (i.e., for each of the resistant or resilient coral considered separately) because alternative stable states are necessary for the effect of community composition on ecological resilience to be relevant (see Fung et al. 2011 for an exploration of the parameter range where alternative stable states o ...
Stability
... ecological system is its inherent stability • Understanding the stability properties of any system, and the characteristics of structure and dynamics which enhance or jeopardize that stability, is fundamental to our comprehension of natural systems ...
... ecological system is its inherent stability • Understanding the stability properties of any system, and the characteristics of structure and dynamics which enhance or jeopardize that stability, is fundamental to our comprehension of natural systems ...
The Biology of Striga, Orobanche, and other Root
... lished in recent years. In addition, a series of bibliographies on Striga, Orobanche, and other parasitic weeds is being produced by the Weed Research Organization at Oxford, England. Two volumes based on sym posia have been published (46, 110). Other useful bibliographic sources are contained in r ...
... lished in recent years. In addition, a series of bibliographies on Striga, Orobanche, and other parasitic weeds is being produced by the Weed Research Organization at Oxford, England. Two volumes based on sym posia have been published (46, 110). Other useful bibliographic sources are contained in r ...
Recruitment facilitation can promote coexistence and buffer population growth in metacommunities
... this mismatch predicts that high recruitment rates will generate strong negative interactions (i.e. competition and predation) that will erode the relationship between recruitment and abundance, whereas low recruitment rates will lead to weak negative interactions, and thus a stronger match between ...
... this mismatch predicts that high recruitment rates will generate strong negative interactions (i.e. competition and predation) that will erode the relationship between recruitment and abundance, whereas low recruitment rates will lead to weak negative interactions, and thus a stronger match between ...
4-habitat-and-niche
... to a group of interacting organisms living together in a specific geographical area or habitat. An equivalent (and now somewhat anachronistic) term is biocenosis (proposed by Karl Möbius in 1877 to describe the interacting organisms of the oyster- and mussel-bearing tidal flats of the North Sea). *o ...
... to a group of interacting organisms living together in a specific geographical area or habitat. An equivalent (and now somewhat anachronistic) term is biocenosis (proposed by Karl Möbius in 1877 to describe the interacting organisms of the oyster- and mussel-bearing tidal flats of the North Sea). *o ...
Monitoring Marine Invasive Species in Mediterranean Marine
... plants in the world. More than 60 macroalgae have already been introduced and 8 or 9 of them have been proved to cause serious invasions (Piazzi and Balatta, 2009; Boudouresque and Verlaque, 2003). For most of them, however, and with the exception of the well-known Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea ...
... plants in the world. More than 60 macroalgae have already been introduced and 8 or 9 of them have been proved to cause serious invasions (Piazzi and Balatta, 2009; Boudouresque and Verlaque, 2003). For most of them, however, and with the exception of the well-known Caulerpa racemosa var. cylindracea ...
Do Eco-Evo Feedbacks Help Us Understand Nature? Answers From
... An ideal perturbation is one that represents a facsimile of some known, natural phenomenon. The resulting return to equilibrium can enhance our understanding of how the organism has adapted to change and how adaptation was integrated with its impact on the local ecosystem. One such perturbation coul ...
... An ideal perturbation is one that represents a facsimile of some known, natural phenomenon. The resulting return to equilibrium can enhance our understanding of how the organism has adapted to change and how adaptation was integrated with its impact on the local ecosystem. One such perturbation coul ...
Litter feedbacks, evolutionary change and exotic plant invasion Maarten B. Eppinga
... American wetlands, we parameterized a classical resource competition model for nutrients and light, and expanded this model by including litter dynamics. We also examined the potential effects of evolutionary changes as observed in another set of recent experiments. 3. Both litter feedbacks and obse ...
... American wetlands, we parameterized a classical resource competition model for nutrients and light, and expanded this model by including litter dynamics. We also examined the potential effects of evolutionary changes as observed in another set of recent experiments. 3. Both litter feedbacks and obse ...
MUTUALISM AND CORAL PERSISTENCE: THE ROLE OF
... supplement that may help corals attract and retain low-mobility symbionts such as Mithrax, securing for the coral long-term and predictable protection against competitors. Structurally complex but competitively inferior organisms, like some corals and coralline algae, provide the biogenic habitat co ...
... supplement that may help corals attract and retain low-mobility symbionts such as Mithrax, securing for the coral long-term and predictable protection against competitors. Structurally complex but competitively inferior organisms, like some corals and coralline algae, provide the biogenic habitat co ...
Widespread mesopredator effects after wolf extirpation Biological
... private lands within these states. Below, we first review the historical relationship between coyotes and wolves. Next, we describe potential ecological effects of coyotes with special focus on leporids, which are often an important component of this carnivore’s diet. We end by discussing possible in ...
... private lands within these states. Below, we first review the historical relationship between coyotes and wolves. Next, we describe potential ecological effects of coyotes with special focus on leporids, which are often an important component of this carnivore’s diet. We end by discussing possible in ...
The Physiology of Life History Trade
... Definitions of key trade-off terms such as costs, constraints, and trade-off often vary among studies, which could lead to confusion (Antonovics & van Tienderen 1991). For example, in some cases trade-off is defined as the result of physiological or fitness costs (Leroi et al. 1994b, see below), whi ...
... Definitions of key trade-off terms such as costs, constraints, and trade-off often vary among studies, which could lead to confusion (Antonovics & van Tienderen 1991). For example, in some cases trade-off is defined as the result of physiological or fitness costs (Leroi et al. 1994b, see below), whi ...
eports - Semantic Scholar
... Abstract. Clarifying the relationship between environmental context and the adaptive significance of floral traits is fundamental for an understanding of spatial and temporal variation in pollinator-mediated selection. We manipulated vegetation height and pollination regime of the orchid Dactylorhiza ...
... Abstract. Clarifying the relationship between environmental context and the adaptive significance of floral traits is fundamental for an understanding of spatial and temporal variation in pollinator-mediated selection. We manipulated vegetation height and pollination regime of the orchid Dactylorhiza ...
Changes to Marine Trophic Networks Caused by
... marine ecosystems, it has been widely questioned (Branch et al., 2010; Essington et al., 2006; Powers & Monk, 2010) because it is influenced by economic interests in the different fisheries. Branch et al. (2010) reported that the computation of catch MTL does not adequately correlate with ecosystem ...
... marine ecosystems, it has been widely questioned (Branch et al., 2010; Essington et al., 2006; Powers & Monk, 2010) because it is influenced by economic interests in the different fisheries. Branch et al. (2010) reported that the computation of catch MTL does not adequately correlate with ecosystem ...
The Role of Body Size in Complex Food Webs: A Cold - ePIC
... decline or go extinct more rapidly than those that are smaller (Cardillo, 2003; Layer et al., 2011; McKinney, 1997). This suggests that some life-history traits like body size are linked to susceptibility to extinction and thus may be more likely to trigger secondary extinctions. Body size is a usef ...
... decline or go extinct more rapidly than those that are smaller (Cardillo, 2003; Layer et al., 2011; McKinney, 1997). This suggests that some life-history traits like body size are linked to susceptibility to extinction and thus may be more likely to trigger secondary extinctions. Body size is a usef ...
Thesis - Rufford Small Grants
... consider how animals should select their habitats under predation risk and once within a selected habitat how foraging animals should partition time between competing fitness enhancing activities. In the former, with predation risk as an additional factor, I show the habitat selection theory still a ...
... consider how animals should select their habitats under predation risk and once within a selected habitat how foraging animals should partition time between competing fitness enhancing activities. In the former, with predation risk as an additional factor, I show the habitat selection theory still a ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.