aggregated seed arrival alters plant diversity in
... and Pacala 1999). These theoretical results are consistent whether using interacting particle systems, moment equations for spatial point processes or metapopulation models (Bolker et al. 2003). This is not to say that coexistence occurs under all conditions—as eventually the strongest competitor wi ...
... and Pacala 1999). These theoretical results are consistent whether using interacting particle systems, moment equations for spatial point processes or metapopulation models (Bolker et al. 2003). This is not to say that coexistence occurs under all conditions—as eventually the strongest competitor wi ...
Role of Biotic Interactions in a Small Mammal Assemblage in
... within-treatment variation. Experimental studies of predation are similarly underrepresented among vertebrates (re Kerfoot and Sih 1987); only 19 of 139 predation studies (13.7%) listed by Sih et al. (1985) involved birds and/or mammals. A further consideration has been the problem of ecological sca ...
... within-treatment variation. Experimental studies of predation are similarly underrepresented among vertebrates (re Kerfoot and Sih 1987); only 19 of 139 predation studies (13.7%) listed by Sih et al. (1985) involved birds and/or mammals. A further consideration has been the problem of ecological sca ...
Competition in lichen communities
... moisture supply, and low availability of nutrients (Grime, 1979). There is abundant evidence that under these conditions, lichens sequester a high proportion of photosynthate for stress resistance rather than growth (Farrer, 1973). Hence, whether or not competition is a significant factor in symbiot ...
... moisture supply, and low availability of nutrients (Grime, 1979). There is abundant evidence that under these conditions, lichens sequester a high proportion of photosynthate for stress resistance rather than growth (Farrer, 1973). Hence, whether or not competition is a significant factor in symbiot ...
Functional over-redundancy and high functional vulnerability in
... species richness, the functional space richness remains largely unchanged. Number of species and number of functional entities are displayed above corresponding bars. Distribution of functional entities is shown in functional spaces where axes represent PC1–PC2 and PC3–PC4 from a Principal Coordinat ...
... species richness, the functional space richness remains largely unchanged. Number of species and number of functional entities are displayed above corresponding bars. Distribution of functional entities is shown in functional spaces where axes represent PC1–PC2 and PC3–PC4 from a Principal Coordinat ...
Primary Succession and Ecosystem Rehabilitation
... the maintenance of which is dependent on the intricate interactions of ecological processes, including recovery following disturbance. ...
... the maintenance of which is dependent on the intricate interactions of ecological processes, including recovery following disturbance. ...
secondary succession in an experimentally fragmented
... succession is constrained. Positive feedbacks through facilitation can generate spatial heterogeneity in succession, because sites first colonized by these species will be more rapidly colonized by other species as well. Area effects on succession.—Patch area could also influence successional dynami ...
... succession is constrained. Positive feedbacks through facilitation can generate spatial heterogeneity in succession, because sites first colonized by these species will be more rapidly colonized by other species as well. Area effects on succession.—Patch area could also influence successional dynami ...
The evolution of early Foraminifera
... of the phylogeny of extant species that may be related to ancestral forms, and by providing molecular clocks by which to estimate their divergence times. For example, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the Cambrian explosion of animals was preceded by a long period of divergence of nonskele ...
... of the phylogeny of extant species that may be related to ancestral forms, and by providing molecular clocks by which to estimate their divergence times. For example, molecular phylogenetic studies suggest that the Cambrian explosion of animals was preceded by a long period of divergence of nonskele ...
Environmental heterogeneity, species diversity and
... account for negative heterogeneity–diversity relationships (HDR) revealed in several case studies. Here we explore how HDR varies at different spatial scales and provide novel theories for small-scale species co-existence that explain both positive and negative HDR. At large spatial scales of hetero ...
... account for negative heterogeneity–diversity relationships (HDR) revealed in several case studies. Here we explore how HDR varies at different spatial scales and provide novel theories for small-scale species co-existence that explain both positive and negative HDR. At large spatial scales of hetero ...
original version of Chapter 5
... better methodology (Rodwell 1991-2000). However, the value of such exercises is mainly as a tool ...
... better methodology (Rodwell 1991-2000). However, the value of such exercises is mainly as a tool ...
Initial Plant Growth in Sand Mine Spoil Amended with Peat Moss
... revegetation maybe necessary for successful reclamation. This study evaluates the germination and initial growth of 2 legume species, sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis) and Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis), and 2 warm-season grass species, Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) and little bl ...
... revegetation maybe necessary for successful reclamation. This study evaluates the germination and initial growth of 2 legume species, sundial lupine (Lupinus perennis) and Illinois bundleflower (Desmanthus illinoensis), and 2 warm-season grass species, Indian grass (Sorghastrum nutans) and little bl ...
15. NEW WORLD NECTAR-FEEDING VERTEBRATES
... We gleaned data on local diversity, habitat distributions, diets, and morphology of nectar-bats and hummingbirds from the literature. Nomenclature for bats follows Wilson and Reeder (1993); hummingbird nomenclature follows Sibley and Monroe (1990) and AOU (1998). To quantify local species richness i ...
... We gleaned data on local diversity, habitat distributions, diets, and morphology of nectar-bats and hummingbirds from the literature. Nomenclature for bats follows Wilson and Reeder (1993); hummingbird nomenclature follows Sibley and Monroe (1990) and AOU (1998). To quantify local species richness i ...
Integrating spatial and temporal approaches to understanding
... potential for neutral models to explain the spatiotemporal scaling of richness requires further study. An alternative framework for understanding the spatio-temporal scaling of richness is an entropy maximization framework (Harte et al. 2008, 2009). This approach postulates that observed SARs can be ...
... potential for neutral models to explain the spatiotemporal scaling of richness requires further study. An alternative framework for understanding the spatio-temporal scaling of richness is an entropy maximization framework (Harte et al. 2008, 2009). This approach postulates that observed SARs can be ...
Reiskind, M.H. and M.L. Wilson. 2008. Interspecific
... niches or newly created habitats (Mack et al. 2000). Many studies have examined currently or very recently invading mosquito species, but there is considerably less work on known invasive species that are already well established. In this study, we examined the potential for competition at the larva ...
... niches or newly created habitats (Mack et al. 2000). Many studies have examined currently or very recently invading mosquito species, but there is considerably less work on known invasive species that are already well established. In this study, we examined the potential for competition at the larva ...
Bioeconomics and biodiversity in harvested metacommunities: a
... diversity and profit for multispecies systems. The model keeps track of the presence or absence of species in habitat patches. With this approach, it becomes (relatively) simple to include more species than can typically be included in models that track species population density. We use this patch- ...
... diversity and profit for multispecies systems. The model keeps track of the presence or absence of species in habitat patches. With this approach, it becomes (relatively) simple to include more species than can typically be included in models that track species population density. We use this patch- ...
8 Conflicts over biodiversity
... it is not only the loss of species per se that is worrying, it is particularly the destruction and alteration of their habitats which is crucially important. Loss of habitat area and habitat diversity reduces the Earth's capacity to support viable populations. Indeed, the primary cause of biodiversi ...
... it is not only the loss of species per se that is worrying, it is particularly the destruction and alteration of their habitats which is crucially important. Loss of habitat area and habitat diversity reduces the Earth's capacity to support viable populations. Indeed, the primary cause of biodiversi ...
CO , nitrogen, and diversity differentially affect seed production of prairie plants 2
... Abstract. Plant species composition and diversity is often influenced by early life history stages; thus, global change could dramatically affect plant community structure by altering seed production. Unfortunately, plant reproductive responses to global change are rarely studied in field settings, ...
... Abstract. Plant species composition and diversity is often influenced by early life history stages; thus, global change could dramatically affect plant community structure by altering seed production. Unfortunately, plant reproductive responses to global change are rarely studied in field settings, ...
Seedling survival and seed size
... in most situations. However, the magnitude of this advantage was not sufficient to counterbalance the greater number of seeds produced by small-seeded species m−2 of canopy outline year−1. 4 Synthesis of data from field studies of populations under natural conditions also showed that large-seeded sp ...
... in most situations. However, the magnitude of this advantage was not sufficient to counterbalance the greater number of seeds produced by small-seeded species m−2 of canopy outline year−1. 4 Synthesis of data from field studies of populations under natural conditions also showed that large-seeded sp ...
Predicting novel herbivoreplant interactions
... component of both natural and human-maintained ecosystems. Insect herbivores consume a tremendous proportion of the world’s crops (which are introduced well outside of their native ranges), and agriculturists respond by using economically and environmentally costly insecticides. Novel herbivore asso ...
... component of both natural and human-maintained ecosystems. Insect herbivores consume a tremendous proportion of the world’s crops (which are introduced well outside of their native ranges), and agriculturists respond by using economically and environmentally costly insecticides. Novel herbivore asso ...
Common Wall Lizard (Podarcis muralis) - GB non
... scientific certainty before taking action. To determine the evidence base and manage uncertainty a process of risk analysis is used. Risk analysis comprises three component parts: risk assessment (determining the severity and likelihood of a hazard occurring); risk management (the practicalities of ...
... scientific certainty before taking action. To determine the evidence base and manage uncertainty a process of risk analysis is used. Risk analysis comprises three component parts: risk assessment (determining the severity and likelihood of a hazard occurring); risk management (the practicalities of ...
ap biology summer assignment 2009-2010
... question. Be sure to include diagrams, graphs, or other figures as appropriate for each question. Do not procrastinate! You will be overwhelmed if you try to complete this at the beginning of school!!! Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology Objectives 1. Define ecology and identify the two features of o ...
... question. Be sure to include diagrams, graphs, or other figures as appropriate for each question. Do not procrastinate! You will be overwhelmed if you try to complete this at the beginning of school!!! Chapter 50 Introduction to Ecology Objectives 1. Define ecology and identify the two features of o ...
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
... Species interactions and differential species responses to the environment ensure that the assemblage is always dynamic. Compensation and compensatory dynamics refer to particular modes of change in response to the environment that have distinct literatures. They are highly interrelated concepts tha ...
... Species interactions and differential species responses to the environment ensure that the assemblage is always dynamic. Compensation and compensatory dynamics refer to particular modes of change in response to the environment that have distinct literatures. They are highly interrelated concepts tha ...
Remembering the Gulf: Changes to the marine communities on the
... We limit direct comparisons of faunal diversity to 12 Declines in diversity and abundance of several species intertidal sites where we were reasonably confident that were also evident at relatively undeveloped sites, such as we had located and sampled as intensively as did Punta Lobos on Isla Espiri ...
... We limit direct comparisons of faunal diversity to 12 Declines in diversity and abundance of several species intertidal sites where we were reasonably confident that were also evident at relatively undeveloped sites, such as we had located and sampled as intensively as did Punta Lobos on Isla Espiri ...
Character Displacement in Giant Rhinoceros Beetles
... to habitat differentiation, that in genitalia size far exceeded what was expected from the general body-size displacement. These results indicate that morphological character displacement in sympatry was most complete in sexual organs. This may account for the process of existing species conserving ...
... to habitat differentiation, that in genitalia size far exceeded what was expected from the general body-size displacement. These results indicate that morphological character displacement in sympatry was most complete in sexual organs. This may account for the process of existing species conserving ...
Ecology and Evolution of Adaptive Morphological Variation in Fish
... abundance and size structure of prey populations, predation has commonly selected for ecological, behavioral and morphological traits in prey (Lima and Dill 1990, Harvell1990). Various morphological structures in prey organisms’ function as efficient adaptations against predation, and these morpholo ...
... abundance and size structure of prey populations, predation has commonly selected for ecological, behavioral and morphological traits in prey (Lima and Dill 1990, Harvell1990). Various morphological structures in prey organisms’ function as efficient adaptations against predation, and these morpholo ...
Cultural Niche Construction: An Introduction | SpringerLink
... This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective environment. It does not. In criticizing static adaptivelandscape concepts prevalent in evolutionary biology, the father of NCT, R ...
... This is not meant to imply that niche construction theory (NCT) always anticipates a perfect synergy between the features of an organism and the factors in its selective environment. It does not. In criticizing static adaptivelandscape concepts prevalent in evolutionary biology, the father of NCT, R ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.