Human-Induced Trophic Cascades along the Fecal Detritus Pathway
... Copyright: ß 2013 Nichols et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Financial support for ...
... Copyright: ß 2013 Nichols et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Funding: Financial support for ...
How trophic interaction strength depends on traits
... on phenotypic traits Following general practice in food-web modeling, we assume that trophic interactions are pairwise, that is, for each pair of species (r, c), there is an interaction strength arc ≥ 0 characterizing the intrinsic efficiency or likelihood that c eats r. The trophic energy flow from ...
... on phenotypic traits Following general practice in food-web modeling, we assume that trophic interactions are pairwise, that is, for each pair of species (r, c), there is an interaction strength arc ≥ 0 characterizing the intrinsic efficiency or likelihood that c eats r. The trophic energy flow from ...
Ecology 4.1, 4.2, 5.1 Slides
... Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. ...
... Components of an ecosystem can be changed by natural events, such as fires. When the disturbance is over, community interactions tend to restore the ecosystem to its original condition through secondary succession. ...
Artistic and Historical Monuments: Threatened Ecosystems
... environment produces an acid solution that, although weak, can solubilize relatively insoluble salts such as calcium and magnesium carbonates in limestone, dolomite, a variety of marbles, and plasters that contain carbonates. All these are converted into much more soluble bicarbonates. This process ...
... environment produces an acid solution that, although weak, can solubilize relatively insoluble salts such as calcium and magnesium carbonates in limestone, dolomite, a variety of marbles, and plasters that contain carbonates. All these are converted into much more soluble bicarbonates. This process ...
Pathogens promote plant diversity through a compensatory response
... spot of crucifers, and the bacterial pathogen, X. campestris pv. campestris, which causes black rot of crucifers. Single cell and spore isolates were obtained from infected cabbages in New York (USDA permit No. 52879 to JBHM). In inoculations of each of the Brassica spp. grown individually (see desc ...
... spot of crucifers, and the bacterial pathogen, X. campestris pv. campestris, which causes black rot of crucifers. Single cell and spore isolates were obtained from infected cabbages in New York (USDA permit No. 52879 to JBHM). In inoculations of each of the Brassica spp. grown individually (see desc ...
The Ecologist Who Threw Starfish
... larger snail devouring a smaller one, but not everything that was smaller. The 11-pound horse conch, for example, dined almost exclusively on other snails, and paid little attention to smaller prey such as the clams that were the main fare for the smaller snails. While Paine was in Florida watching ...
... larger snail devouring a smaller one, but not everything that was smaller. The 11-pound horse conch, for example, dined almost exclusively on other snails, and paid little attention to smaller prey such as the clams that were the main fare for the smaller snails. While Paine was in Florida watching ...
Taxonomic and functional approaches of trophic interactions
... failures need to be kept in perspective to be able to go on or to discover your own limits. Easier said than done. At the end of the route, you reach the belay stance, but sometimes not. In both cases, you should enjoy the view. It is now time to move on to another piece of the puzzle. ...
... failures need to be kept in perspective to be able to go on or to discover your own limits. Easier said than done. At the end of the route, you reach the belay stance, but sometimes not. In both cases, you should enjoy the view. It is now time to move on to another piece of the puzzle. ...
Ecological roles and conservation challenges of social, burrowing
... mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. Howev ...
... mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. Howev ...
Reprint
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
... (Hendry et al. 2010). Molecular analyses identifying lineages that are morphologically and taxonomically indistinguishable and hence are called “cryptic,” have become frequent in some taxonomic groups such as animals or fungi, but have been stated to be surprisingly rare in higher plants (Bickford e ...
Bill Shape and Sexual Shape dimorphiSm Between two Archilochus
... of linear measurements. One approach estimates bill curvature from measurements on the maxilla, whereas another estimates bill curvature from measurements of the mandible (e.g., Paton and Collins 1989, Stiles 1995). In addition, a recent approach used the mathematical definition of curvature to quan ...
... of linear measurements. One approach estimates bill curvature from measurements on the maxilla, whereas another estimates bill curvature from measurements of the mandible (e.g., Paton and Collins 1989, Stiles 1995). In addition, a recent approach used the mathematical definition of curvature to quan ...
Chapter 2
... 7.1 Litter-herbivore interactions ................................................................................ 47 7.2 Litter-fire interactions ......................................................................................... 49 7.3 Litter-herbivore-fire interactions ..................... ...
... 7.1 Litter-herbivore interactions ................................................................................ 47 7.2 Litter-fire interactions ......................................................................................... 49 7.3 Litter-herbivore-fire interactions ..................... ...
Briefing on mangroves2 - Ministry of Environment, Lands and
... Mangroves are considered as priceless resource that needs some form of protection. Butaritari hosts the largest mangrove wetlands in the Gilbert Group that also represents Kiribati’s most diverse mangrove forest. For instance, red mangrove is the only species that present in Tarawa, Maiana and Aran ...
... Mangroves are considered as priceless resource that needs some form of protection. Butaritari hosts the largest mangrove wetlands in the Gilbert Group that also represents Kiribati’s most diverse mangrove forest. For instance, red mangrove is the only species that present in Tarawa, Maiana and Aran ...
Geographic Variation in Camouflage Specialization by a Decorator
... outcome with local conditions, few studies examine how these changes may alter species’ behaviors and evolution over geographic scales. Such studies of geographic variation may serve as a “lens” through which many important ecological and evolutionary questions can be profitably examined (Travis 199 ...
... outcome with local conditions, few studies examine how these changes may alter species’ behaviors and evolution over geographic scales. Such studies of geographic variation may serve as a “lens” through which many important ecological and evolutionary questions can be profitably examined (Travis 199 ...
Chapter Objective Essays These must be in complete sentences. BE
... Explain how human activity has polluted the environment and contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer. Describe the consequences of these actions. (4 pts) Describe the process of biological magnification. (2 pts) Describe the causes and consequences of global warming. (1 pts) Explain why the ef ...
... Explain how human activity has polluted the environment and contributed to the thinning of the ozone layer. Describe the consequences of these actions. (4 pts) Describe the process of biological magnification. (2 pts) Describe the causes and consequences of global warming. (1 pts) Explain why the ef ...
Review Paper Biodiversity Effects on Aquatic Ecosystem Functioning
... most of them have used artificially assembled communities with random species loss. The results from such studies, it has been argued, are unlikely to provide us with any useful information about the functioning of real ecosystems (HUSTON and MCBRIDE, 2002). Such claims seem to get good support from ...
... most of them have used artificially assembled communities with random species loss. The results from such studies, it has been argued, are unlikely to provide us with any useful information about the functioning of real ecosystems (HUSTON and MCBRIDE, 2002). Such claims seem to get good support from ...
Introducing the NSW Threatened Species Priorities Action Statement
... In NSW over 840 species, 35 populations and 75 ecological communities are threatened. They are classified under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) as either ‘critically endangered,’ ‘endangered’ or ‘vulnerable.’ Many of these species are also considered threatened nationally ...
... In NSW over 840 species, 35 populations and 75 ecological communities are threatened. They are classified under the NSW Threatened Species Conservation Act 1995 (TSC Act) as either ‘critically endangered,’ ‘endangered’ or ‘vulnerable.’ Many of these species are also considered threatened nationally ...
6 Plant-plant interactions mediated by other trophic levels
... 7.1 Litter-herbivore interactions ................................................................................ 46 7.2 Litter-fire interactions ......................................................................................... 48 7.3 Litter-herbivore-fire interactions ..................... ...
... 7.1 Litter-herbivore interactions ................................................................................ 46 7.2 Litter-fire interactions ......................................................................................... 48 7.3 Litter-herbivore-fire interactions ..................... ...
Understanding the evolution and function of entomopathogenic fungi
... are they primarily reliant upon host mobility for infection. Hence, as before, conversion of host into pathogen (i.e. host death) is a highly adaptive trait because it improves the chances of transmission. These adaptations can be seen readily in our Neozygites floridana example. Neozygites floridan ...
... are they primarily reliant upon host mobility for infection. Hence, as before, conversion of host into pathogen (i.e. host death) is a highly adaptive trait because it improves the chances of transmission. These adaptations can be seen readily in our Neozygites floridana example. Neozygites floridan ...
Q. 1. Give two examples to biomes. Ans. (1) Desert (2) Rain forest Q
... Ans. It will not able to survive because of low salinity of water. It will lead to osmotic problems and keep intaking water inside its body cells. Q.6. Define phenotypic adaptation. Give one example. Ans. The adaptation shown by organism that is restricted to its body only is phenotypic adaptation. ...
... Ans. It will not able to survive because of low salinity of water. It will lead to osmotic problems and keep intaking water inside its body cells. Q.6. Define phenotypic adaptation. Give one example. Ans. The adaptation shown by organism that is restricted to its body only is phenotypic adaptation. ...
DIVERSITY OF A NORTHERN ROCKY INTERTIDAL COMMUNITY
... Notes: The methods are broken down into two large groups: samples processed in the lab and those where measurements were taken in the field. The total count does not equal the number of published studies included, as some studies use more than one method. Field studies commonly used two methods to d ...
... Notes: The methods are broken down into two large groups: samples processed in the lab and those where measurements were taken in the field. The total count does not equal the number of published studies included, as some studies use more than one method. Field studies commonly used two methods to d ...
Repeated evolution of amphibious behavior in fish and its
... published literature. These examples were then positioned onto a phylogeny to obtain a broad view of the phylogenetic diversity of amphibious behavior across all fishes and how frequently amphibious behavior might have evolved in fish. Second, the ecology of amphibious fish was then compared to all ...
... published literature. These examples were then positioned onto a phylogeny to obtain a broad view of the phylogenetic diversity of amphibious behavior across all fishes and how frequently amphibious behavior might have evolved in fish. Second, the ecology of amphibious fish was then compared to all ...
Biotic and abiotic factors predicting the global distribution and
... distribution, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation variables were important predictors of population density on a global scale. In addition, contributing to growing evidence that biotic factors are also important determinants of broad-scale patterns of species distributions, both bio ...
... distribution, potential evapotranspiration (PET) and precipitation variables were important predictors of population density on a global scale. In addition, contributing to growing evidence that biotic factors are also important determinants of broad-scale patterns of species distributions, both bio ...
Defining drivers of the trophic niche width in reef fish communities
... II. The Layman metrics modified by Cucherousset & Villéger (submitted) ......... ^O! ...
... II. The Layman metrics modified by Cucherousset & Villéger (submitted) ......... ^O! ...
Competition in lichen communities
... moisture supply, and low availability of nutrients (Grime, 1979). There is abundant evidence that under these conditions, lichens sequester a high proportion of photosynthate for stress resistance rather than growth (Farrer, 1973). Hence, whether or not competition is a significant factor in symbiot ...
... moisture supply, and low availability of nutrients (Grime, 1979). There is abundant evidence that under these conditions, lichens sequester a high proportion of photosynthate for stress resistance rather than growth (Farrer, 1973). Hence, whether or not competition is a significant factor in symbiot ...
The ecology of shell shape difference in chirally - UvA-DARE
... to show subtle differences between both coiling morphs, and it is known that in snails in general, shell shape is under environmental selection, thus creating the possibility that micro-niche use of both coiling morphs differs. In this paper, we first confirm that hatchlings also differ in shell sha ...
... to show subtle differences between both coiling morphs, and it is known that in snails in general, shell shape is under environmental selection, thus creating the possibility that micro-niche use of both coiling morphs differs. In this paper, we first confirm that hatchlings also differ in shell sha ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.