temperature, desiccation, and species performance trends
... attached to each elevation zone (thus producing 30 cages for each species). The cages ensured that interspecific interactions between the transplanted specimens and other intertidal organisms did not occur. The cages were affixed to the rocky substrate using marine epoxy (A-788 Splash Zone Compound) ...
... attached to each elevation zone (thus producing 30 cages for each species). The cages ensured that interspecific interactions between the transplanted specimens and other intertidal organisms did not occur. The cages were affixed to the rocky substrate using marine epoxy (A-788 Splash Zone Compound) ...
PDF
... sampled environment. We let the probability of detecting each of those 100 species vary among species and among each of 5 genetic loci (labeled loci A–E), drawing the values of truepositive detection rates (p11, i ) for each locus i at random from five different beta distributions (p11 stands for th ...
... sampled environment. We let the probability of detecting each of those 100 species vary among species and among each of 5 genetic loci (labeled loci A–E), drawing the values of truepositive detection rates (p11, i ) for each locus i at random from five different beta distributions (p11 stands for th ...
Impacts of Invasive Species on Food Webs: A Review of Empirical
... species, which include ex-invasives that have become established locally. It should be noted that the notion of “resident” is relative to a particular time and invader; when contrasting “invasive” and “resident”, the residents are all species that were established prior to the arrival of a particula ...
... species, which include ex-invasives that have become established locally. It should be noted that the notion of “resident” is relative to a particular time and invader; when contrasting “invasive” and “resident”, the residents are all species that were established prior to the arrival of a particula ...
Scatter-and clump-dispersal and seedling demography
... of many plant species, resulting in dense clusters of establishing seeds and ultimately saplings (Alexandre 1978). Most clump-dispersal is by mammals, but some frugivorous birds commonly leave seeds in large clumps. Large flightless birds such as the cassowary (C. easuarius; 29-58 kg) and emu (Droma ...
... of many plant species, resulting in dense clusters of establishing seeds and ultimately saplings (Alexandre 1978). Most clump-dispersal is by mammals, but some frugivorous birds commonly leave seeds in large clumps. Large flightless birds such as the cassowary (C. easuarius; 29-58 kg) and emu (Droma ...
Ecological consequences of genetic diversity
... variation in ecologically important traits (growth rate, competitive ability, immune function, virulence, etc.), the amount of diversity at any level can have important ecological effects. The recent surge of interest in merging ecological and evolutionary investigations (Whitham et al. 2006; Fussma ...
... variation in ecologically important traits (growth rate, competitive ability, immune function, virulence, etc.), the amount of diversity at any level can have important ecological effects. The recent surge of interest in merging ecological and evolutionary investigations (Whitham et al. 2006; Fussma ...
Deterministic and stochastic forces in community ecology:
... mutual gains in biodiversity, and little extinction in either realm (Tilman 2011). This pattern has been repeated in many other cross-invasions, as well as with more recent human-facilitated biological exchanges, as few anthropogenic invasions have resulted in outright extinction. ...
... mutual gains in biodiversity, and little extinction in either realm (Tilman 2011). This pattern has been repeated in many other cross-invasions, as well as with more recent human-facilitated biological exchanges, as few anthropogenic invasions have resulted in outright extinction. ...
pdf - Michigan State University
... er, the full phenotypic range is not inducible within the lifetime of a single individual but can be selected for over several generations, thus illustrating how various biotype categories sometimes overlap. Evidence indicates this trait is inherited by a maternal cytoplasmic mechanism. "Seasonal po ...
... er, the full phenotypic range is not inducible within the lifetime of a single individual but can be selected for over several generations, thus illustrating how various biotype categories sometimes overlap. Evidence indicates this trait is inherited by a maternal cytoplasmic mechanism. "Seasonal po ...
Biodiversity and ecosystem functioning in angiosperm
... identity affect ecosystem functioning in terms of processes such as primary production, nutrient availability, epifaunal colonization and properties e.g. stability of Zostera marina subjected to shading. The main work was carried out in the field and ranged temporally from weeklong to 3.5 months-lon ...
... identity affect ecosystem functioning in terms of processes such as primary production, nutrient availability, epifaunal colonization and properties e.g. stability of Zostera marina subjected to shading. The main work was carried out in the field and ranged temporally from weeklong to 3.5 months-lon ...
Compensation masks trophic cascades in complex food
... the feeding relationships between interacting species within an ecosystem. Understanding how the complexity of these networks influences their response to changing top-down control is a central challenge in ecology. Here, we provide a model-based investigation of trophic cascades — an oft-studied ec ...
... the feeding relationships between interacting species within an ecosystem. Understanding how the complexity of these networks influences their response to changing top-down control is a central challenge in ecology. Here, we provide a model-based investigation of trophic cascades — an oft-studied ec ...
"Balance of Nature" metaphor in population ecology
... early in the history of ecology, this metaphor implied that nature was orderly and beneficent, perhaps in the same way that the, now absent, divine presence had been similarly benign. The balance of nature concept was whole-heartedly embraced by Forbes, an influential founding member of the new scie ...
... early in the history of ecology, this metaphor implied that nature was orderly and beneficent, perhaps in the same way that the, now absent, divine presence had been similarly benign. The balance of nature concept was whole-heartedly embraced by Forbes, an influential founding member of the new scie ...
Parasitism - Sinauer Associates
... In science fiction books and movies, villains sometimes use mind control or physical devices to break the will and control the actions of their victims. In these stories, a person may be forced to perform strange or grotesque actions, or to harm themselves or others—all against their will. Real life ...
... In science fiction books and movies, villains sometimes use mind control or physical devices to break the will and control the actions of their victims. In these stories, a person may be forced to perform strange or grotesque actions, or to harm themselves or others—all against their will. Real life ...
Across ecosystem comparisons of size structure: methods
... how an ecological variable scales with organismal size. For example, allometries of metabolic rate (Peters 1983, Brown et al. 2004), population abundance (Damuth 1981, Cyr et al. 1997, Reuman et al. 2008), interaction strength (Emmerson and Raffaelli 2004, Wootton and Emmerson 2005, Berlow et al. 200 ...
... how an ecological variable scales with organismal size. For example, allometries of metabolic rate (Peters 1983, Brown et al. 2004), population abundance (Damuth 1981, Cyr et al. 1997, Reuman et al. 2008), interaction strength (Emmerson and Raffaelli 2004, Wootton and Emmerson 2005, Berlow et al. 200 ...
Myrmecophilous butterflies utilise ant-
... hemipterans, and can complement their diet by hunting herbivorous insects (Davidson et al., 2003; Rico-Gray & Oliveira, 2007). Indeed, butterflies may avoid ovipositing on plant locations occupied by ants more likely to kill larval offspring (Sendoya et al., 2009). Although ants can be important age ...
... hemipterans, and can complement their diet by hunting herbivorous insects (Davidson et al., 2003; Rico-Gray & Oliveira, 2007). Indeed, butterflies may avoid ovipositing on plant locations occupied by ants more likely to kill larval offspring (Sendoya et al., 2009). Although ants can be important age ...
Intraspecific phytochemical variation shapes community and
... to examine effects of plant chemical diversity on community- and population-level processes in highly diverse tropical forests. The links between plant genetic diversity and the diversity of upper trophic levels are partially mediated via changes in phytochemical diversity (Richards et al., 2015). A ...
... to examine effects of plant chemical diversity on community- and population-level processes in highly diverse tropical forests. The links between plant genetic diversity and the diversity of upper trophic levels are partially mediated via changes in phytochemical diversity (Richards et al., 2015). A ...
Cohabitation promotes high diversity of clownfishes in the Coral
... Through mechanisms such as niche differentiation [3], including social and behavioural specializations [4] and resource partitioning (e.g. space and habitat use), coexistence of different species can occur [5]. Despite extensive studies into the variation in physiological, morphological and demograp ...
... Through mechanisms such as niche differentiation [3], including social and behavioural specializations [4] and resource partitioning (e.g. space and habitat use), coexistence of different species can occur [5]. Despite extensive studies into the variation in physiological, morphological and demograp ...
CBD
... In RA3, two different approaches have been applied to the study of temporal and spatial variation in community dynamics. One approach has been to derive characteristics of community structure using variation in the community correlation (the correlation in log abundances of species sampled at two di ...
... In RA3, two different approaches have been applied to the study of temporal and spatial variation in community dynamics. One approach has been to derive characteristics of community structure using variation in the community correlation (the correlation in log abundances of species sampled at two di ...
The interplay between habitat structure and chemical
... that impacts due to contamination can be predicted, and therefore managed, considering (i) the type of toxicants (and their chemical properties), (ii) the functional groups present in the impacted area, (iii) their reproductive rates, (iv) the trophic interactions occurring in the systems and the (v ...
... that impacts due to contamination can be predicted, and therefore managed, considering (i) the type of toxicants (and their chemical properties), (ii) the functional groups present in the impacted area, (iii) their reproductive rates, (iv) the trophic interactions occurring in the systems and the (v ...
South Australian Arid Lands Biodiversity Strategy
... Conservation Priorities, has two sections. Section one describes the bioregion's natural attributes, land uses and the major threats to biodiversity. Section two sets out the priority actions for biodiversity conservation for the bioregion in the next five years. This document is one of five bioregi ...
... Conservation Priorities, has two sections. Section one describes the bioregion's natural attributes, land uses and the major threats to biodiversity. Section two sets out the priority actions for biodiversity conservation for the bioregion in the next five years. This document is one of five bioregi ...
Why copulatory organs provide so many useful taxonomic characters
... Development of physical isolating mechanisms: One explanation, involving direct selection on copulatory organs and differences in the opposite sex (see above), put forward to explain genital differences is that they represent physical isolating mechanisms. Species likely to interbreed may evolve gen ...
... Development of physical isolating mechanisms: One explanation, involving direct selection on copulatory organs and differences in the opposite sex (see above), put forward to explain genital differences is that they represent physical isolating mechanisms. Species likely to interbreed may evolve gen ...
Introduction to Ecological Landscaping: A
... Compared to the plant/structure-focused landscaping perspective, a more ecological, systemsoriented viewpoint shifts attention from individual, managed organisms (plants, pests) and structures to interactions among all parts (variables) of the landscape, including unmanaged ones, with each other and ...
... Compared to the plant/structure-focused landscaping perspective, a more ecological, systemsoriented viewpoint shifts attention from individual, managed organisms (plants, pests) and structures to interactions among all parts (variables) of the landscape, including unmanaged ones, with each other and ...
Monitoring data from citizen-science programs
... mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. Howev ...
... mammals. Through herbivory and ecosystem engineering they create distinctive and important habitats for many other species, thereby increasing biodiversity and habitat heterogeneity across the landscape. They also help maintain grassland presence and serve as important prey for many predators. Howev ...
Giving-up densities of foraging gerbils: the effect of interspecific
... mainly from two directions. The first direction has dealt with studies on the competitive relationship and habitat selection of the two species in enclosed grids, where population densities could be controled. The second direction has dealt with studies on the foraging behavior of the species on mani ...
... mainly from two directions. The first direction has dealt with studies on the competitive relationship and habitat selection of the two species in enclosed grids, where population densities could be controled. The second direction has dealt with studies on the foraging behavior of the species on mani ...
Negative competitive effects of invasive plants change with time
... (AICc) to find the best fit model (Bolker et al. 2009) by testing all possible combinations of main effects and the interaction term that was ...
... (AICc) to find the best fit model (Bolker et al. 2009) by testing all possible combinations of main effects and the interaction term that was ...
Eco07
... Coevolution is a type of community evolution. Coevolution is the joint evolution of two or more noninterbreeding species that have a close ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores, large organisms and their microorganism symbionts, or parasites and their hosts. Through reciprocal s ...
... Coevolution is a type of community evolution. Coevolution is the joint evolution of two or more noninterbreeding species that have a close ecological relationship, such as plants and herbivores, large organisms and their microorganism symbionts, or parasites and their hosts. Through reciprocal s ...
Ecological fitting
Ecological fitting is ""the process whereby organisms colonize and persist in novel environments, use novel resources or form novel associations with other species as a result of the suites of traits that they carry at the time they encounter the novel condition.” It can be understood as a situation in which a species' interactions with its biotic and abiotic environment seem to indicate a history of coevolution, when in actuality the relevant traits evolved in response to a different set of biotic and abiotic conditions. The simplest form of ecological fitting is resource tracking, in which an organism continues to exploit the same resources, but in a new host or environment. In this framework, the organism occupies a multidimensional operative environment defined by the conditions in which it can persist, similar to the idea of the Hutchinsonian niche. In this case, a species can colonize new environments (e.g. an area with the same temperature and water regime) and/or form new species interactions (e.g. a parasite infecting a new host) which can lead to the misinterpretation of the relationship as coevolution, although the organism has not evolved and is continuing to exploit the same resources it always has. The more strict definition of ecological fitting requires that a species encounter an environment or host outside of its original operative environment and obtain realized fitness based on traits developed in previous environments that are now co-opted for a new purpose. This strict form of ecological fitting can also be expressed either as colonization of new habitat or the formation of new species interactions.